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Open Access Article

1 - A Comparative Study of the Description of Nature in Persian and Arabic Poetry
Sadeq Ebrahimi Kavari Rahimeh Choulonian

Nature has always been a source of inspiration for poets with a special status in poetry in general. On the other hand, there are many common themes in Persian and Arabic literature due to their closeness in terms of common culture and religion as well as extended geogr More

Nature has always been a source of inspiration for poets with a special status in poetry in general. On the other hand, there are many common themes in Persian and Arabic literature due to their closeness in terms of common culture and religion as well as extended geographical boundary. Interactions between relevant countries have resulted in different imparts in different areas. The history of describing nature in poetry is as old as the history of the relevant literature which has undergone some changes at different stages. This study is an attempt to indentify such effective interactions in Persian and Arabic  Literature.  Manuscript profile

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2 - A Comparative study on Abu Nuwas and Rudaki poetry from Rhythmic Elements View
Reza Bourqani Farahani Abolqasem Radfar Mohammad Reza Abbaspoor Khormaloo

Abu Nuwas Ahwazi is an Arab well known poet – second century – whose poetry is about beloved, worship and wine. Simplicity and honesty are the characteristics of his poetry. Rudaki – the Persian poet of third and fourth centuries – also expresses More

Abu Nuwas Ahwazi is an Arab well known poet – second century – whose poetry is about beloved, worship and wine. Simplicity and honesty are the characteristics of his poetry. Rudaki – the Persian poet of third and fourth centuries – also expresses wine, beloved and worship in his poetry. The present article studies their biography briefly and then surveys their thoughts and poetry. Manuscript profile

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3 - Criticism of Two Odes from Persian and Arabic Poets-farrokhi Sisitani & Mutenabbi
Gholamali Sadeghi

Dynamicity and creativity of the imagination of mankind is unlimited. The pearl of imagination becomes most beautiful when it finds its way out of the clams of time and space. The secret to the success of the worldly known works of literature is the same. Criticizi More

Dynamicity and creativity of the imagination of mankind is unlimited. The pearl of imagination becomes most beautiful when it finds its way out of the clams of time and space. The secret to the success of the worldly known works of literature is the same. Criticizing and comparison of literary works based on scientific and standard criteria for reaching at unbiased results is a valuable activity. The present article attempts to compare the viewpoints of two poets FarrokhiSisitani&Mutenabbi through two of their odes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A comparative study of Nature Description in Ibn-e Rumi and Manoochehri’s Works
Ibrahim Namdari Mohammad Ali Fouladi Narges Lorestani

The environment is the main factor of nature description. Nature description and its manifestation such as gardens, flowers and etc. were waster and wider in Abbasid era rather than Omavid’s.  In Abbasid era the civilization and development manifested suddenl More

The environment is the main factor of nature description. Nature description and its manifestation such as gardens, flowers and etc. were waster and wider in Abbasid era rather than Omavid’s.  In Abbasid era the civilization and development manifested suddenly. Thus the explanation and description had been done with applying metaphors and similes; and this states the Abbasid era’s dreaming. The Persian poetry might be called nature poetry in Manoochehri’s period in which he was of beginners of that kind of poetry. He imitated the Arab poets because he was affected by Arabic literature. Ibn-e Rumi’s poetry is a brilliant and vivid image of gardens and greens. Personification of things in most parts of his poetry. Manuscript profile

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5 - Description of Nature in the Complete Works (Dīvān) of Sẹ nubarī and Manūchehrī
Hudā Mehrabān

The present article focuses on the comparison of the description of the nature in the complete works (Dvān) of Sẹ nubar and complete works (Dvān) of Manuchehr Dāmqān. This article includes the following sections: The first section discusses the impor More

The present article focuses on the comparison of the description of the nature in the complete works (Dvān) of Sẹ nubar and complete works (Dvān) of Manuchehr Dāmqān. This article includes the following sections: The first section discusses the importance and the mission of the comparative literature and the second section gives a summary of the biography of Sẹ nubar and Manuchehr. The next section studies the literary features of the works of Sẹ nubar and Manuchehr. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - A Comparative Study of Nature Description in Divans of Toghraei and Manouchehri Damghani
Fahimeh Mirzaee Jabery Seyyed Mohammad Reza Ebnerrasool

Abstract In this paper, the description of nature is compared and contrasted from specific perspectives in the Divans (collected works) of two Persian old poets named Toghtaei and Manouchehri Damghani.First, the status and mission of comparative literature is studied. More

Abstract In this paper, the description of nature is compared and contrasted from specific perspectives in the Divans (collected works) of two Persian old poets named Toghtaei and Manouchehri Damghani.First, the status and mission of comparative literature is studied. A brief review of Toghraei and Manouchehri biographies is presented. Then, the literary, cultural, and environmental features of their period and they are presented with a descriptive-analytical approach comparative study of description of inanimate and animate nature is carried out. In addition, the involvement and depiction of these poets is accompanied with examples and poems in which the effect can be seen. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Quranic Indicators: Quotation Title and Allusion in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
Fatemeh Sharifzadeh Yazdi Mohammad Jannati Far

The present paper intends to study "the common motifs of Quran and Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya" in order to attain the accuracy of the mentioned book. The relationship between Quran and Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya is in their content. By Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya references to Qu More

The present paper intends to study "the common motifs of Quran and Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya" in order to attain the accuracy of the mentioned book. The relationship between Quran and Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya is in their content. By Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya references to Quran, various indications, allusions and Quranic quotation titles can be seen which validates Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya by these commonalities. The unity between Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya and Holy Quran is so unique which this article points out some of them. A repot of quotation titles, allusions and content relationships between Quran and Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya has been offered in this paper which the researchers could refer to it for other interpretations and citations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Location and its Application in Sahar Khalifa’s Novel “Hobbi Al-Avval”
Hamideh Souri Mostafa seyed Babak Farzaneh leila Ghasemi HajiAbadi

10.30495/cls.2022.1948068.1353

As the main constituent of a story, location shows the place of events and incidents, giving a complete image of a novel. Occupying a big portion of Palestinian novels, it is also essential in deepening subjects examined by Palestinian writers. A committed Palestinian w More

As the main constituent of a story, location shows the place of events and incidents, giving a complete image of a novel. Occupying a big portion of Palestinian novels, it is also essential in deepening subjects examined by Palestinian writers. A committed Palestinian writer always concerned about her occupied land, Sahar Khalifa has managed to portray some reasons for Palestinian's defeat in a romance using this element in “Hobbi Al-Avval” written in 2010. This research uses an analytical- descriptive method to analyze the role and position of the main locations of the novel, explaining the contrasts among these locations. The secondary locations effective in forming the main locations have also been examined regarding closed-ness and openness, friendliness and unfriendliness. The results show that the main locations in this novel are cities and villages, and the secondary locations are a coffeehouse, an airport, and the Ghahtaan family’s home. Out of the contrast between Nablus and Levant, she clearly illustrates the atmosphere in Palestine at the time, and the coffeehouse as a secondary but open location plays a key role in depicting the reasons for Palestinians' defeat in the story.The main tool the writer uses to display the locations in the story includes giving a detailed description of villages, nature, and villagers, with the equivocal and ornamental function having a larger portion of the novel than other descriptive functions Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Marouf Al Rosafi; Overview of his life and literature
Tofigh Rajabi

Maruf Al Rosafi is one of the four great Iraqi poets. The other three are Al zahavi, Al kazemi and Al shabibi. He was born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1875. He had learned reading- writing and memorizing Quran in traditional Iraqi Schools and then entered the army college. He c More

Maruf Al Rosafi is one of the four great Iraqi poets. The other three are Al zahavi, Al kazemi and Al shabibi. He was born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1875. He had learned reading- writing and memorizing Quran in traditional Iraqi Schools and then entered the army college. He could not deal with the courses so had started self studies and went to religious schools. His instructor, Alus had motivated him in literature to the extent that later he had started teaching Arabic literature in a ministry in Iraq and could be elected as a candidate in Iraq’s Parliament. He had prose a Divan which was about national issues. He had passed away in 1945. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The description in the poet of Khalil Mardom Bak
Mehdi Momtahen Azizeh Rahimi

Poet Khalil Mardom Bak excellent example of the men released this statement of the era in literature and its effects. Raise high the name of his country, and he fought all his life. It was among the first to Made huge gateway luxury hair literature solid, and reported i More

Poet Khalil Mardom Bak excellent example of the men released this statement of the era in literature and its effects. Raise high the name of his country, and he fought all his life. It was among the first to Made huge gateway luxury hair literature solid, and reported it, Was link between the ancient and the modern, money to the description, the collection of delicacies and say Beautiful images images, And presented in a beautiful dress and best costume, and tough for the sake of it is not what our generation profoundly regret the loss of sources, and the scarcity of cupboards, and lack of culture, and the diminutive education, drier springs. This article is a study on the life of poet Khalil Mardom Bak and his penchant for description, nature and art, and a few in the national tour of his poet and important source is the Divan poet. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Horse and Horse Rider in Mutanabbi’s Divan
Maryam Saed Vaghefi

Mutannabi the well-known Arab poet has dedicated many lines of his poetry to describing animals directly or indirectly. Among the animals to whichMutanabbi has paid attention the horse has a very special status. Most of the lines in which he has in some w More

Mutannabi the well-known Arab poet has dedicated many lines of his poetry to describing animals directly or indirectly. Among the animals to whichMutanabbi has paid attention the horse has a very special status. Most of the lines in which he has in some way described horses or horse riders are the lines about fights and battles in which the poet depicts the victories and bravery of the courageous fighters. He has rarely illustrated horses’ other uses such as hunting, pleasure or transportation. The present article tries to review and evaluate the descriptions of the terms horse and horse rider provided frequently by Mutanabbi in his works. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Explanation of Chararcters in Yusuf Idris “Isn’t It”
Zohreh Ranjbar Pour Mohammad Mahdi Samti

Egypt is one of the countries which uses the stories and novels frequently and Yusuf Idris is one of this country’s famous authors. He is one of the realistic authors. He expresses his country’s occupation by England and strangers and states his nation&rsquo More

Egypt is one of the countries which uses the stories and novels frequently and Yusuf Idris is one of this country’s famous authors. He is one of the realistic authors. He expresses his country’s occupation by England and strangers and states his nation’s pains and griefs. The character is one of the most important elements of the story who the author depicts many social fact by that. “Isn’t It” is one of Yusuf Idris stories in which different characters such as weak and middle class of the society and their difficulties are surveyed. The present article – which is descriptive – analytical – depicts the characters’ thoughts, poverty, displacement and ignorance by characterization. Most of the characters of the story are mysterical and each one is a symbol of a group of  the society. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Investigation and analysis of love description methods in Samak Ayar
Sara Jamali Akbar Sayadkooh

10.30495/dk.2022.1934952.2302

Samak Ayar written by Faramarz Ibn Khodadad is the oldest work in the field of Persian fiction. Although this long folk tale has its drawbacks in terms of the art of storytelling, it is very fascinating and entertaining. Samak is full of signs of social life; But one of More

Samak Ayar written by Faramarz Ibn Khodadad is the oldest work in the field of Persian fiction. Although this long folk tale has its drawbacks in terms of the art of storytelling, it is very fascinating and entertaining. Samak is full of signs of social life; But one of the most frequent discourses is love. The story begins with the love of the prince of Aleppo, Khurshid Shah, to Mehpari, the daughter of Faghfor China, and almost all of its events revolve around this love. The subject of this article is to study and analyze the methods and techniques of describing love, lover and lover in this story. The authors of the article want to reflect on the author's perception of love and its tenderness and find out which rhetorical tools he used to reveal the characteristics of love and the lover and the scenes of meeting and merging lovers.The data of this research were obtained by library method and after categorization, were analyzed and described using qualitative method. The results of the research show that in Samak Ayar, love is basically "physical", "aristocratic" and "patriarchal" and is the center of the circle of good and bad actions of the characters in the story. This love is so powerful that it can draw the lover to China in search of the beloved and to reach the carpenter from Aleppo. The author's rhetorical tools to visualize these situations have been similes, metaphors, ironies, and especially artistic descriptions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Collocations Made from Adjectival and Adjunctive Compounds in Rumi’s Masnavi
Mahmoud Tavousi Mehdi Mahouzi Hamed Zakeri

Deviation from the linguistics norms is a characteristic of Rumi’s style. Sometimes his deviations give a very artistic aspect to his verse. The present research is to investigate adjectival and adjunctive compounds in Rumi’s Masnavi; the ones which he decid More

Deviation from the linguistics norms is a characteristic of Rumi’s style. Sometimes his deviations give a very artistic aspect to his verse. The present research is to investigate adjectival and adjunctive compounds in Rumi’s Masnavi; the ones which he decided to change their structure and meaning. These changes, no doubt, have been done in an attempt to give an artistic aspect to the language, separating it from the standard language. His coinages could be labeled as collocations, but their significance is that rather than being just grammatical compounds, they bear new meanings which are deviated from the common sense. Among the findings of this study one interesting is the abstract collocations Rumi has used. These compounds, which are the outcome of a creative and liberated mind like Rumi’s, are unprecedented and cannot be found in previous poets’ verse; moreover, they are encouraging for readers to relate the words of a compound and find how they make sense Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The modernist described in the works of Abootorab Khosravi
hosniyeh nejatzade eedgahi Abolghassem Ghavam

10.30495/dk.2020.672393

The positioning of described in modernist stories is different from the classical stories. In this regard, the techniques, functions, and subjects are also changed. Description in traditional stories is unique to describe concepts and observable. The descriptions struct More

The positioning of described in modernist stories is different from the classical stories. In this regard, the techniques, functions, and subjects are also changed. Description in traditional stories is unique to describe concepts and observable. The descriptions structure is built on the basis of actual elements, inclusivism and visual. But in modern works, the descriptions are internalized. These works are more attentive to behaviors than appearance. Modern author pays attention to the secondary and spiritual meanings of the characteristics of individuals and objects that it is the resultant of his philosophical analysis of his subjects. The basis of the descriptions is based on component, subjective and imaginary elements. In this regard, the techniques, functions, and subjects are also changed. The reflections of the works of Abootorab from the perspective of the modern techniques of descriptions such as conflict, obscurity, and reality of providing are for clearer and more accurate representation of the methodology of description. In this study, the description techniques are investigated in method (analytical - descriptive). The main question of this study is based on whether the comparative study of modern and traditional stories can be referred to as a status difference in these two categories? The results of this study show that Khosravi works have the ability to analyze new techniques of descriptive and modern techniques, known as "the modernist described". Manuscript profile

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16 - An Investigation of duration in the Time Speed of Narrative Based on Gerard Genette's narratology (A Comparative Study of Gholam-Hossein Sāedī's Azādārān-e Bayal (Mourners of Bayal) and Mouloud Feraoun's Ibn al-Faqīr)
Salah al-din Abdi Abozar GolzarKhojasteh Mitra Khodadian

The time is the main element in changing an incident to a story. So, one of the important problems in structuralist theories is the situation of time in narration. This problem has a long history among thinkers and theorists. Time is a significant component in two stori More

The time is the main element in changing an incident to a story. So, one of the important problems in structuralist theories is the situation of time in narration. This problem has a long history among thinkers and theorists. Time is a significant component in two stories of Azādārān-e Bayal (Mourners of Bayal) and Ibn al-Faqīr (the poor man's son), and its importance becomes more clear by exploring and examining this element in these two stories. The most complete theory about the element of time in the story is Gerard Genette's theory. For Genette, the formation of time depends on three temporal components: order; duration; and frequency. In the present study only the second component, i.e., the duration, in the two stories of Azādārān-e Bayal and Ibn al-Faqīr is examined. The results of the study show that Azādārān-e Bayal has steady speed of time in narration of the story, whereas the narration of the story in Ibn al-Faqīr is slow with a negative acceleration, and the writer rather used a descriptive delay category. The research method of the article is analytic-descriptive and is based on the American comparative school. Manuscript profile

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17 - A Study of the Aspects of Realism in Shahla Al-Ajili's novel " Saif ma al-Adu "
Maryam Akbari Mousaabadi

Realism as a literary school was formed in the nineteenth century, is not a decal of reality, because it shows the reality through the artist's consciousness, so the difference between realism and romanticism is revealed, romanticism expresses the mentality of the artis More

Realism as a literary school was formed in the nineteenth century, is not a decal of reality, because it shows the reality through the artist's consciousness, so the difference between realism and romanticism is revealed, romanticism expresses the mentality of the artist, while consciousness is different from subjectivism, and according to Lucien Goldman's theory, is the embodiment of a perspective in accordance with the perspective of some people. Elements of realism include objectivism, representation of contemporary life, typology, and the illusion of reality. The novel "Saif ma al-Adu", which has been studied analytically, is a realistic novel; That depicts the contemporary life in al-Raqqa over three generations, depicted in three women, a grandmother, a mother and a daughter. Lamis, the main character, a forty-year-old woman, took refuge in Germany after the war, now narrates the events of the past, therefore, the image she paints is real and the result of lived experience. Although all elements play a role in the realism of the text, characters, themes, and descriptions of places and objects play a greater role. Finally, the author has been able to make the story believable to the reader, creating an object-oriented picture of the lives of community-derived characters. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - The Functional Role of Phoneme in the Camel Description in Tarafeh's" Moalegheh"
Bijan Karami Jalal Marami Mohsen Khosh Ghamat

The phoneme is considered as the  smallest linguistic unit that is used to distinguish words from each other.  Relation between phonology and semantics is  placed in the context of relation between signifier and signified. And disagreement  between l More

The phoneme is considered as the  smallest linguistic unit that is used to distinguish words from each other.  Relation between phonology and semantics is  placed in the context of relation between signifier and signified. And disagreement  between linguists continue until now. Some of them believe that there are functional roles for phonemes in  innovative text. Whereas others believe   that there is no relationship between meaning and phoneme .In this article we count phonemes in Tarafeh's poem and we express presence and absence of defamiliarisation in camel description. The result is that phoneme plays a crucial role in poetic context. Phonemes that are relevant to meaning are abundant while  irrelevant ones that have no connection to meaning are rare. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Investigation of Graphene Nanosheet Effect on the Engine Oil Properties as a Nano-lubricant
E. Ettefaghi H. Ahmadi A. Rashidi S.S. Mohtasebi

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20 - The Effect of Elongational Flow on the Structure Evolution in Polypropylene/Graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposite fiber
R. Semnani Rahbar B. Kalantari M.R. Mohaddes Mojtahedi F. Sharif

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21 - Studying “Night” keyword in Nima’s poems
Mohammad Kazem Haghshenas

In this research, we look for considering the position, significance, method of applying, and symbols of “Night” word from the viewpoint of Nima, father of Persian modern poetry. After studying and considering the history and works of this contemporary great More

In this research, we look for considering the position, significance, method of applying, and symbols of “Night” word from the viewpoint of Nima, father of Persian modern poetry. After studying and considering the history and works of this contemporary great poet, the author found many small things and thin moments. Nima, in implementing changes in Persian modern poetry and submit the method and a new way in meaning and face was successful. He looked to phenomenon and elements of around like jungle, mountain, night, sea, tree and …, penetrated into them and so he was one of them. He looked different to natural events  even to the night and day. With looking at the statistics from this study in Nima’s poems, attest to this claim that the position of Nima in attention to the “Night” and its symbols is most  upper among all the contemporary poets. And expresses this meaning that the “Night” in all poetry of Nima’s life continuously  is present, but Whatever gets closer to the final years of his life and gains more experience, kind of the “Night” and its dark’s color and concept is different from the past.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Comparative Analysis of Sufi Sheikhs Viewpoints on the Description of Beloved's Beauty
Mahboobeh Moslemi Zadeh Mehdi Momtahen

When mysticism entered the Persian poetry and romantic themes were combined with mystical ones, they were applied as symbols to express mystical meanings, so that it caused disagreements between some Sheikhs and persuaded them to write the books and treaties, to give so More

When mysticism entered the Persian poetry and romantic themes were combined with mystical ones, they were applied as symbols to express mystical meanings, so that it caused disagreements between some Sheikhs and persuaded them to write the books and treaties, to give some definitions and justifications of those terms according to their schools. This article intends to analyze the ideas of some Sufi Sheikhs such as Hojviri, Ahmad Ghazali, and 'Einul Qozat Hamadani about the terms and themes of describing the beloved, and it is limited to such terms as Zolf (hair), Chashm (eye), Khadd (cheek), Khal (mole) and Abru (eyebrow). Hojviei's idea about these terms is based on juridical and religious views especially while discussing on Sama'; Ahmad Qazali describes the states of the lover and the beloved in a coherent way to express a certain system and Einul Qozat Hamedani explains these terms in different situations and concepts, by citing some verses from the viewpoint of mysticism and introducing the Shahed. Manuscript profile

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23 - وصف‌ناپذیری جمال در غزلیات شمس
ناصر کاظم خانلو فرهاد عیسایی

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24 - Operating cash aesthetic imagination in the poetry of Ibn Khfajh and Badriddin Hilali baimagination Gaston Bachelardsed on the principles of poetic
Farhad Naderi MohammadAli Moazeni

Fiction Reviews is Between thematic and structural criticism Trying to focus on imagination, the local psychoanalytic systematic study of poetic images pay based on the continued presence of one or more elements of the four elements in poetic fantasies, creativity and o More

Fiction Reviews is Between thematic and structural criticism Trying to focus on imagination, the local psychoanalytic systematic study of poetic images pay based on the continued presence of one or more elements of the four elements in poetic fantasies, creativity and originality, imagination poets specify. Without a doubt, criticism imagination, through discussions between poetry and psychology and the subconscious mind, a way to interpret the lyrics more open and poetry of the fence stereotypical Reviews releases. The main objective of this paper is to review those poems Andalusian Ibn Khfajh Badriddin Hilali is written based on the inspiration of two elements, fire and water, Trying to identify the creativity of the poet in poetic images and answer the questions that Ibn Khfajh and arches in the creation of his poetic images, the extent of these two elements inspired? Subscribe to poetry readings and creative imagination in these two poets, to what extent has active? Manuscript profile

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25 - Rhetoric description in the story of Siavash
tooraj aghdaie

Description is one of the effective tools for portraying the constituent of existence what and how and social life, as the speaker has experienced. Although description is bond to the all poetic genres, it is firmly bond to the epic poems. For this reason, Ferdowsi, use More

Description is one of the effective tools for portraying the constituent of existence what and how and social life, as the speaker has experienced. Although description is bond to the all poetic genres, it is firmly bond to the epic poems. For this reason, Ferdowsi, used it more in his epic as poetic visualization and imagery. But in this paper, Ferdosi’s virtuosity in reality description has been exclusively evaluated in Siavash story. It will be appeared that the Toos wise sage is using description both in the horizontal and the vertical axis of the story. This means that sometimes he uses the appropriate adjectives to people and things for better expressing and visualizing their features, sometimes, providing an accurate picture of persons , the scenes things without using adjectival compounds. Demonstrating the power of Ferdowsi in description, at first we take a look on his description from the perspective of "instructions" point of view and then we pay attention to the application of the description in siavash story. We tried to explain its role and visualization on Ferdosi’s view during the story, as well. Description aesthetics is also so important in the story of Siavash . However aristocracy description elements that are part of life of Siavash and other characters are of other categories in this article. The data for this study are analyzed, described and reported with qualitative methods. The numbers near the bits or parts of verses refers to the number of verses of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile

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26 - A critical review of descriptive verbs
fatemeh taghinezhad

The verb is used in two ways in the Persian language, which is used all the time and contains the person, time and individuals who call it a mere verb and a verb that is without time and person, that is, for all times and all Persons, in one form. The verb and the descr More

The verb is used in two ways in the Persian language, which is used all the time and contains the person, time and individuals who call it a mere verb and a verb that is without time and person, that is, for all times and all Persons, in one form. The verb and the descriptive aspect of the Persian grammar have been discussed and a lot of theories have been applied. According to the findings, it is deduced that a structural defect is both an adjective and an adjective attribute, and in a sentence, plays the role of an attribute or a condition of a state that can be applied to verbs with specific verbs, with verbs It will no longer be in the companion sentence, but it will not be substituted and equivalent with all verbs. In this research, we try to examine the significant number of writers in relation to the descriptive aspect, the verb, and the forms that are considered in these two cases, as well as to show how the form of a descriptor becomes a descriptive verb and How does the verb come together with other verbs and whether the comedy is a substitute for a meaning. Manuscript profile

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27 - A Study on Negative Concept in Interpretation of Legal Subjects
Hamid Masjedsaraei Zahra Feyz

Moreover, that the rules of jurisprudence principles science serve Islamic jurists in inferring and finding religious judgments, they can help judges and lawyers in finding real object of legislation and in the other words, the spirit of laws. Regardless of reasoning ma More

Moreover, that the rules of jurisprudence principles science serve Islamic jurists in inferring and finding religious judgments, they can help judges and lawyers in finding real object of legislation and in the other words, the spirit of laws. Regardless of reasoning made by acceptors and opponents of concept in principles science, this question is always posed that what is the criteria of existence or absence of negative concept in legal texts? Without doubt, finding an appropriate answer to this question will block the way of any interpretation in respect of laws and legal texts. This research has led, through considering different articles of laws that the criteria for distinguishing concept in legal texts, where there are no presumptions, is based, in addition to considering undisputed legal principles and rules, on common sense and literal regulations provided do not lead to an unreasonable meaning. Thus any unjustified and unproved analogy, comparison or generalization, is forbidden and this is the main result of this study. Manuscript profile

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28 - Cases of the Loss of Virginity and the Elimination of the Father's Permission in Marriage from the Point of View of Jurisprudence and Law
Abdullah bahmanpouri mohsen taslikh

Islamic jurists and consequently the civil jurists have made the marriage of a virgin girl subject to the permission of the parents (vali). The question is whether the loss of virginity from the religious point of view is based on the removal of virginity by lawful mean More

Islamic jurists and consequently the civil jurists have made the marriage of a virgin girl subject to the permission of the parents (vali). The question is whether the loss of virginity from the religious point of view is based on the removal of virginity by lawful means. Or does it affect the disappearance of the virginity with factors such as adultery, vati be shobhe, illness, and also sibobat (loss of virginity)? This gains more significance when we consider that Article 1043 of the Civil Code allows the marriage of a virgin adult girl subject to the permission of her father or paternal grandfather, but the code makes no reference to the above question and the causes of the loss of virginity. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method. On the basis of the Book and Tradition and an examination of the the sayings and fatwas of early jurists to contemporary ones based on the needs of society, especially judges and marriage registrars and an expertise approach, this study has chosen the fulfillment of sibobat (deterioration of virginity) based on legal sextual intercourse (vati). By studying and criticizingdifferent views and according to different narratives (revaiat), it has chosen the idea of fulfilling the loss of virginity (sibobat) with a marriage based vati, so that from the religious point of view, the virginity disappears only in case that the virginity has been destroyed by a documented marriage vati. Therefore, the fulfilment of sibobat and consequently the elimination of the vali's permission depend on the marriage in which insertion took place and led to the loss of virginity. Manuscript profile

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29 - The Juridical and Legal Study of the Alternatives to the Sale of Salaf Oil Securities in Secondary Market
Abdolhosen Shiravi Hadi Rahmani

10.22034/ijrj.2020.671698

Selling Salaf commodity before maturity is forbidden by Islam, so making a secondary market for these securities is not possible within common procedures. Hence we have to find a new way to make a secondary market for these securities. Some proposed ways are parallel Sa More

Selling Salaf commodity before maturity is forbidden by Islam, so making a secondary market for these securities is not possible within common procedures. Hence we have to find a new way to make a secondary market for these securities. Some proposed ways are parallel Salaf, assignment through agency and Solh of Salaf commodity, all of which have shortcomings that puts the formation of secondary markets in trouble. Combination of parallel Salaf and assignment (Havaleh) seems to be the most complete proposal, yet there are still many problems with it. This study attempts to challenge them and another way that is considering securities as Circulating Rights. Circulating Rights is a matter that is considered in foreign law systems and is not compatible with Islamic Jurisprudence rules. But we can somewhat accept this rules in our system when combining them with Islamic rules. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Structure and Function of Adjectival and Additional Compounds in Qeisar Aminpour's Poetry
Manoochehr Jokar Shima Fazeli

Compounding is an innovation in language surface that can be studied at tw0 sections: word formation and adjectival and additional compounds. These two methods have been in attention for contemporary poets and the second kind has special value among post revolution trad More

Compounding is an innovation in language surface that can be studied at tw0 sections: word formation and adjectival and additional compounds. These two methods have been in attention for contemporary poets and the second kind has special value among post revolution traditionalist poets, although Qeisar Aminpour had impressive success in making new compounds and words, but with a special approach toadjectival and additional compounds in both new and traditional poems, he has more used the second kind of compounding in his works. This application, after using routine language, has made the main feature of language for him. Theadjectival and additional compounds in Aminpour's poetry has metaphorical, conceptual and sometimes nominative compounds which brevity, music and introduction removing are from the important applications of them. These compounds in addition to grammatical and lingual style have had a kay role in literature and art style of the poet. This research wishes to study the structure of adjectival and additional compounds in Aminpour's poetry, how he uses these compounds in his poems and their role and importance in syntactic, literary structure and his artistic expression Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - The Decorative, Explanatory and Symbolic Function of Descriptions in Lyrical works based on Leili and Majnoon, Josef and Zuleika, Salaman and Absal
Hosein Aghahoseini hajar fathi najafabadi

The poets of narrative poems have used description to character settlement and space making, to create attractive narration. Genette has analysied description and its relation between narration and Narrative. He has accepted three Functions about description: Decorative More

The poets of narrative poems have used description to character settlement and space making, to create attractive narration. Genette has analysied description and its relation between narration and Narrative. He has accepted three Functions about description: Decorative function, Explanatory function and Symbolic function. In this research, in Descriptive - Analytical method, Functions of descriptions have analyzed in Jami's three systems, Josef and Zuleika, Leili and Majnoon and Salaman and Absal to Determine Quality and use of descriptions with different functions and make an answer that which functions lyric systems have? The most common idea is that Symbolic function is just for Erfani systems but this function has many Concepts in systems but to understand concepts should study historical, geographic, Religious, Ethnic, National areas so should use Semiology. Prologue is one of Explanatory functions  in   Leili and Majnoon  and  there is  no Symbolic function in  Salaman and Absal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - مؤلفه‌های ادب غنایی در تاریخ جهانگشای جوینی
مهدی ضیایی

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33 - جلوه‌ها و کارکردهای وصف طبیعت در قصیده از ظهیر تا بهار
حوریه نیکوکار مریم مجیدی زهرا قرقی

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34 - Common Themes in Persian and Arabic "Habsiyyehs"
صادق ابراهیمی کاوری رحیمه چولانیان

  "Habsiyyeh" is a kind of lyric poem, similar to an ode, the prevalent theme of which is "the prison" and "the prisoner". the prison, its walls and door, iron collar, chains, prisoners and the jailer as well as nostalgic feelings of the prisoner, his inner sentim More

  "Habsiyyeh" is a kind of lyric poem, similar to an ode, the prevalent theme of which is "the prison" and "the prisoner". the prison, its walls and door, iron collar, chains, prisoners and the jailer as well as nostalgic feelings of the prisoner, his inner sentiments, being away from relatives, the days and nights of the prison, and freedom are all subjects of habsiyyeh. The present article tries to examine Persian and Arabic Habsiyyehs and their common themes with respect to common cultural, social and religious backgrounds.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - A comparative study of "knowing the seller" in Iranian law With "Conformity of Goods" in the Convention on the International Sale of Goods
reza nakhaei ebrahim taqizadeh محمد حسین جعفری

10.30495/alr.2022.1945974.2227

Background and Deletion: According to Article 342 of the Iranian Civil Code, the quantity, material and description of the seller must be known, otherwise it will invalidate or create a right of termination for the buyer, as well as Article 35 of the Convention on Inter More

Background and Deletion: According to Article 342 of the Iranian Civil Code, the quantity, material and description of the seller must be known, otherwise it will invalidate or create a right of termination for the buyer, as well as Article 35 of the Convention on International Sale of Goods. 1980, the seller must deliver goods to the buyer that have the quantity, quality and description specified in the contract and if the quantity, quality and description in the contract does not match the goods offered, the buyer has the right to execute the same contract or terminate and demand Will be damaged. In the present article, the specificity of the seller in Iranian law has been done with a comparative study of the International Convention on the Sale of Goods approved in 1980 and the legal system of European countries.Method: The present research has been done by descriptive-analytical method through library studies.Findings and Results: Despite the many similarities in the two laws under study, there is a great difference between the two laws and each of the two laws has its own solutions. However, in Iranian law, failure to specify the amount, sex and description will invalidate or apply the option and terminate the contract, while in the Convention on the International Sale of Goods, a mandatory request for a contract, which includes the execution of the same contract, a request for goods It is a substitute and a request for modification or repair of the goods. Also, Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - وصف طبیعت در اشعار اصفهانیان عربی سرای سده چهارم تا ششم هجری
کتایون فلاحی

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Open Access Article

37 - Kant and the Meaning of the Metaphysics
مسعود امید

This article is going to discuss the different meanings and usages of the word metaphysics in the Kant’s philosophy. Kant’s definition of metaphysics is one of the most controversial issues in his philosophy. Generally, according to Kant, this word has three More

This article is going to discuss the different meanings and usages of the word metaphysics in the Kant’s philosophy. Kant’s definition of metaphysics is one of the most controversial issues in his philosophy. Generally, according to Kant, this word has three different meanings: The unattributive meaning or the substantive meaning. The genitive meaning. The meaning of the participle or qualificative meaning. The first meaning consists merely of the word metaphysics as a noun. The second meaning includes genitive terms such as metaphysics of morality, metaphysics of rights, metaphysics of nature and etc. The third meaning includes qualificative terms such as metaphysical exposition, metaphysical dogmatism, and etc. Among these meanings Kant only criticizes the first one. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - ساخت الکترودهای ابرخازنیِ نیکل منگنز اکسید (NiMnO3) نانوصفحه‌ای با استفاده از روش سنتز
Seyed Ali Hosseini Moradi Nader Ghobadi majid amirzade

The use of environmentally friendly energy storage systems is known as the best solution to reduce the bad effect of fossil fuels. Supercapacitors have received more attention than other energy storage devices (batteThe use of environmentally friendly energy storage sys More

The use of environmentally friendly energy storage systems is known as the best solution to reduce the bad effect of fossil fuels. Supercapacitors have received more attention than other energy storage devices (batteThe use of environmentally friendly energy storage systems is known as the best solution to reduce the fossil fuels consumption. Supercapacitors have received more attention than other energy storage devices (batteries and fuel cells) due to their high power density, high cycling stability and optimal energy density. The use of inexpensive and available electrode material is the key to the development of supercapacitors in the industrial and commercial scales. Nickel and manganese oxides have a high theoretical specific capacity, in addition to their availability and lower price. A type of morphology with many electrochemically active sites can be achieved by using these two metal oxides, together. In this research, nickel manganese oxide electrode material (NiMnO3) was synthesized using hydrothermal method. Then, the characterization tests of XRD, FT-IR and SEM were used to determine the crystallographic and morphological properties. Characterization analyses showed that the rhombohedral NiMnO3 nanoparticles with mesoporous structure were obtained. The electrochemical tests of CV, GCD and EIS showed that the NiMnO3 electrode has an excellent supercapacitive performance with the specific capacity of 444 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. The great performance of NiMnO3 electrode can be related to the abundant and available electrochemical active sites of NiMnO3 electrode with appropriate mesoporous structure which led to the charge storage reactions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - The study of how Ferdowsi applied prefixes to form new adjectives in Shahnameh
Azam Ghotbizadeh

Abstract   The subject of word formation through using prefixes and suffixes has a long history since upon their addition to create thousands of new words new concepts and meanings find new expressions.  Ferdowsi and his masterpiece, Shahnameh enjoy great na More

Abstract   The subject of word formation through using prefixes and suffixes has a long history since upon their addition to create thousands of new words new concepts and meanings find new expressions.  Ferdowsi and his masterpiece, Shahnameh enjoy great national and international fame and their names have always been synonymous with the sweet Persian language.  Ferdowsi and Shahnameh have been studied from different aspects, yet the writer of this article looks at Shahnameh from the linguistic perspective as far as the adjectives and their structures are concerned.  What were the possibilities of forming new words in the Persian language in Shahnameh?  Was Ferdowsi familiar with adjective making prefixes and suffixes and to what extent did he apply them to create new adjectives?  The purpose of this article is to find answers for the above questions.  This study had made use of statistical, documentary, and library based methods.  The results obtained are the outcome of two years of research on all the adjectives built in Shahnameh.  Finally the author of this article came to the conclusion that Ferdowsi was well familiar with the prefix making adjectives and he had applied that knowledge to form many adjectives to convey various meanings.  Certainly it is no wonder that Shahnameh is recognized as a treasury of lexis in the Persian language. Manuscript profile

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