مکتب کپنهاگ

Open Access Article

1 - A Study of Challenges and Obstacles of Formation of Cooperative Security Model in the Middle East (2001-2020)
Saeed Amouzadeh Hossein Karimi Fard Fereidun Akbarzadeh Shahram Fattahi

10.22034/sej.2022.1944294.1397

The purpose of the present study is to review challenges and obstacles of formation of cooperative security models in the Middle East (2001-2020). The research relies on the hypothesis that cooperative security models have requirements such as negotiation-based models, More

The purpose of the present study is to review challenges and obstacles of formation of cooperative security models in the Middle East (2001-2020). The research relies on the hypothesis that cooperative security models have requirements such as negotiation-based models, least disagreement in different aspects, transparency and mutual respect, not letting the interference of foreign powers in regional affairs, and having democratic governments but many of them are ignored due to various disputes and conflicts among countries in the region. The present study deals with the cooperative security model and its compatibility with the condition of countries in the Middle east within the regional security framework of Copenhagen school and a descriptive-explanatory method. The results indicate that conflicts in terms of identity, religion, and territory as well as rivalry between great powers have led to ongoing paradox and tension, arms race, lack of transparency, security puzzle, and interference of super-regional powers in the Middle East. Therefore, the cooperative security Model faces numerous challenges which need to be solved. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Controversy over the succession of Shiite resistance discourses and Takfiri discourse on traditional West Asian security
morteza shirody ahmadraza shhali karam jamshidifard

10.22034/sej.2019.670176

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nature of the competing discourse of Resistance (Shiite) discourse in contrast to the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses in the West Asian Strategic Area and within the analytical framework of the Copenhagen School. More

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nature of the competing discourse of Resistance (Shiite) discourse in contrast to the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses in the West Asian Strategic Area and within the analytical framework of the Copenhagen School. The research method is descriptive-analytical and is based on the hypothesis that following the transformation of recent years, the discourse of Shiite resistance against the Salafist and Brotherhood discourse has managed to bring the Islamic countries present in the West Asian strategic domain into form, method, slogan and also under the objective, to make an impact. The results show that the West Asian strategic area has serious political geopolitics for the proxy-Shiite discourse of the Shiite resistance and the Takfiri (Salafi-Brotherhood) discourse, and the Copenhagen school is able to analyze the dispute well. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Bush's Aggressive Foreign Policy and Obama's East Asia Rebalancing Strategy; Tactical Difference or Strategic Similarity
Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Shayan Jozani Kohan Shahin Jozani Kohan

Mohammad Reza  Dehshiri[1] Shayan Jozani Kohan[2] Shahin Jozani Kohan[3] Abstract: When Obama came to power, Bush's multilateralism and aggressive foreign policy was converted to a "rebalancing" policy, in which US interests were consi More

Mohammad Reza  Dehshiri[1] Shayan Jozani Kohan[2] Shahin Jozani Kohan[3] Abstract: When Obama came to power, Bush's multilateralism and aggressive foreign policy was converted to a "rebalancing" policy, in which US interests were considered more than any other issue. Obama's East Asia rebalancing policy was pursued with the aim of redefining interests, threats and political, economic and military strategies. The question of the current paper is how were Bush's "aggressive foreign policy" and "Obama's" rebalancing policy pursued to promote US interests in East Asia? For answering this question, the authors believe that Bush's foreign policy has been pursued by adopting a multilateralism approach focused on resolving the Korean Peninsula’s crisis with the aim of creating consensus in East Asia and cooperation with China. While the policy of rebalancing with a multilateralism approach has been pursued and focusing on the prevention of China's economic and military growth with the goal of consensus among the countries aligned with US policies in East Asia. The research method in this paper is analytical and descriptive through library resources. Using the theory of offensive realism and the Copenhagen School, this paper seeks to explain and analyze the policies of Bush and Obama in East Asia, to examine the differences, commonalities and approaches of each, and the orientation of US foreign policy in the East Asian region [1]-Associate Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Political Science, Faculty of International Relations of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, Iran: Corresponding Author [2]-MA in Regional Studies (East Asia), Faculty of International Relations of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, Iran [3]-MA in Regional Studies (West Asia (Middle East) and North Africa), Faculty of International Relations of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Guest Researcher of the Middle East Strategic Studies Research Institute, Center for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies of the Middle East, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Tehran, Iran   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Analysis of Turkish Foreign Policy and Its Security Threats for Islamic Republic of Iran (From 2002 to 2013)
niloofar Hamdi Hossein Ahmadi Saeid Mirtorabi

An important development was made in Turkish foreign policy after Justice and Development Party got into power. The question is "What pattern did govern the security relations of Turkish foreign policy from 2002 to 2013? What security threats will follow for Iran? Accor More

An important development was made in Turkish foreign policy after Justice and Development Party got into power. The question is "What pattern did govern the security relations of Turkish foreign policy from 2002 to 2013? What security threats will follow for Iran? According to the security studies in Copenhagen School, it will be supposed that Turkish foreign policy from 2002 to 2013 had the considerable modification in the field of security and reduced the volume of security relations in terms of military individually and foreign policy of Turkish mostly relied on the multiple security subjects including the economic, social and political issues. Turkey's relationship with the USA, participation in Israel and Azerbaijan coalition, unity with Arab countries opposing Iran, posed a threat to Iran's security in the political-military, economic, and social fields. The aim of this study is to investigate the various dimensions and security effects of Turkish foreign policy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Securitization as a strategy to fighting political corruption
Hamid Ahmadinejad Saleh Salavarzi Zadeh

10.30495/jss.2023.1976542.1528

   Corruption, as one of the main threats to the security and prosperity of countries, has attracted the attention of thinkers and policy makers for years. The Islamic Republic of Iran is not an exception to this rule, especially since this phenomenon has beco More

   Corruption, as one of the main threats to the security and prosperity of countries, has attracted the attention of thinkers and policy makers for years. The Islamic Republic of Iran is not an exception to this rule, especially since this phenomenon has become one of the main threats to the country in recent years. Political corruption, as the most sensitive type of corruption in Iran, while affecting security in various dimensions and reducing public trust, is combined with the fact that its impact is often not well understood. As a result, political corruption in Iran needs more than new laws and institutions to fight it, it needs to find the root of the reasons for survival and failure to fight it. The purpose of this research is to present a model as a strategy for the success of the fight against corruption while investigating the cause of this failure in the fight against political corruption. Therefore, the central question of this research is; What factors in Iran have led to the ineffectiveness of the fight against political corruption, and what is the successful strategy for this fight? The findings of the research based on the descriptive-analytical method indicate that considering political corruption as a normal problem without an existential threat has led to the ineffectiveness of the approaches to combat it, and therefore securitization is the effective and real way to successfully combat it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - A Comparative Study of the Impact of Developments of Syria and Iraq on Regional Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey
mohammadjavad fathi elham rasooli milad khosravinezhad

Abstract: Nowadays regionalism is one of the requirements of active foreign policy. Keeping eyes on the developments in the peripheral region and their specific interest there guides the government to pursue suitable regional policies. Countries try to use their region More

Abstract: Nowadays regionalism is one of the requirements of active foreign policy. Keeping eyes on the developments in the peripheral region and their specific interest there guides the government to pursue suitable regional policies. Countries try to use their regional role and available opportunities to further their international position. Iran and Turkey as two regional powers and having important place among the Middle East countries are seeking to increase their regional role. The development which started from 2011 in Syria and later in 2013 in Iraq had great impact on regional policies of Iran and Turkey. The question raised by the present article is “what has been the impact of Syria and Iraq on regional policy of Iran and Turkey?” the hypothesis is “ the regional development in the said period have provided common opportunities and challenges for both the country and have strengthen the geopolitical look of Iran and Turkey”. The article has used Copenhagen framework named regional security suite theory and has categorized the opportunities and challenges in three determinants; namely mutual security interdependence, pattern of friendship and enmity and cultural and race affinities. The finding of the study shows that political, ideological and economic opportunities and security, economic challenges have strengthened the regional policy of Iran and Turkey after the said regional developments. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Investigating Iran's foreign policy in the post-ISIS period
hamid shayanpour Hossein Masoudnia Nafiseh Vaez

10.30495/pir.2022.1946228.3455

Despite the unprecedented ups and downs experienced by Iran and Syria in recent years, the strategic relations between Iran and Syria are considered to be a perfect example of the most unbreakable bilateral relations in the security environment of West Asia, which in th More

Despite the unprecedented ups and downs experienced by Iran and Syria in recent years, the strategic relations between Iran and Syria are considered to be a perfect example of the most unbreakable bilateral relations in the security environment of West Asia, which in the post-crisis environment requires more special role-playing, management and engineering than before in order to consolidate the achievements. . The current research aims to investigate and analyze the foreign policy of the Republic of Iran in Syria in the post-ISIS era, and has raised the question, "How are Iran's behavioral requirements for the post-crisis management of Syria evaluated?" Using the method of descriptive and library study and as a possible answer, the present research proposes the hypothesis that despite the success of the Islamic Republic of Iran in preventing the fall of the political system under the guidance of " Bashar Assad", the continuation of the obtained political-military achievements requires a comprehensive strategy based on the internal considerations of the Syrian society based on common cultural, religious and geopolitical interests and characteristics. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Resistance (Moqavimat) strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East based on security theoryCopenhagen School (2019-2014)
Sadegh Shahvarpoor najafabadi حامد محقق نیا فریدون اکبرزاده

Simultaneously with the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1357 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic, world powers tried to neutralize and stop the Islamic Revolution with various methods from military war to economic sanctions.In this situation, the More

Simultaneously with the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1357 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic, world powers tried to neutralize and stop the Islamic Revolution with various methods from military war to economic sanctions.In this situation, the Islamic Republic of Iran, in order to maintain its security and life and to spread the discourse of the revolution, started the policy of forming resistance groups in the West Asian region.In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the regional policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the role of resistance groups in them, as well as the relationship between these policies and the Copenhagen security school.The main research question raised here is how to analyze the resistance strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East region with the influence of the Copenhagen school.? Also, the hypothesis is proposed that it seems that the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the military, economic, political and environmental fields in the Middle East region was formed under the influence of the theory of the Copenhagen school and the ideas of Bari Bozan. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Middle Eastern Immigrants and Europe Security
Reza Ekhtiari Hosein Rafie Esmat Arefi

In recent years the Middle East has been facing with Intense crisis that is resulted of geopolitics rivalries and identical and ideological confrontation, Interventions and rivalry of the Great powers and growth of terrorism and fundamentalism. Outcome of such a situati More

In recent years the Middle East has been facing with Intense crisis that is resulted of geopolitics rivalries and identical and ideological confrontation, Interventions and rivalry of the Great powers and growth of terrorism and fundamentalism. Outcome of such a situation was different wars and struggles that have been continuing so far and given rise to Displace of millions of people and immigrants to Europe. With regards to that, the present research is amid at to study different security consequence of enter of the Middle Eastern immigrants to Europe. The research method is analytical- explanatory and Copenhagen School is utilized for analyzing the research. The research findings reveal that immigrants’ tsunami to Europe, has threatened security indexes of this region in different sections of political, economic, social and cultural. In other words, flood of the Middle Eastern immigrants to Europe led to increase of terrorist threats, disassemble of ethical combination and consequently national unity, cultural confrontation and multiculturalism, empowering of radical right parties and weakening of political stability of European countries. Also, entry of the immigrants in addition to imposing financial costs for the countries, it has been challenging process of strengthening of European Union as an international institution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - National Security of Israel and Strategy of Military Threat against Iran
Morteza Mahmoodi1

Israel is one of the most serious threats against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since 1990 Israeli authorities have repeatedly announced that if Iran reach nuclear bomb and complete Bushehr nuclear plant, they will attack it. Iran's discourse after Islamic Republic revo More

Israel is one of the most serious threats against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since 1990 Israeli authorities have repeatedly announced that if Iran reach nuclear bomb and complete Bushehr nuclear plant, they will attack it. Iran's discourse after Islamic Republic revolution have been deeply affected by cultural – religious factors, Independence and rejection of the hegemonic discourse, the discourse of Islamism and ethnic supremacy negation, the unity of the Islamic Forum and supportive discourses towards Palestinians and the elimination of Israel and the rejection of all foreign forces from the region which are caused by this issue. On the other side Israelis have announced their animosity towards Iran. Based on current discourse in Israel, Israeli authorities have said these reasons as their animosity towards Iran: Iran's support from Palestinian groups who are against Israel, Iran's opposition for Middle East peace process, Iran's reach to nuclear weapon. But from the evidence it can be seen that the main factor is nuclear weapon. Israeli authorities are worried about radical Islamism and nuclear weapon. The main cause of military threat of Israel towards Islamic Republic of Iran is ideological which should be said is forever. The main question of this research is that what is the main reason of military threat of Israel towards Iran? the hypothesis that answers this question is that the most important reason for Israel to threaten Iran is identity and fearing Iran to be nuclear and breaking its monopoly, increasing Iran's power and isolation of Israel in the region. Based on this, with securitization of Iran's issue and magnifying its threat on others minds Israel tries to use all the instruments again Islamic Republic of Iran, while Iran is pursuing peaceful nuclear energy for research and development. In this article we from Copenhagen School of thought the subject are examined. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Applying the political economy approach to analyze geopolitical crises and achieve regional convergence in the Middle East
Ismail Makrami Haider Lotfi Majid Wali Shariat Panahi Ali Asghar Ismailpour Roshan

The Middle East is a crisis-prone region in various political, military, social, cultural and, of course, economic dimensions. Naturally, many researches have been done on these crises and their explanations from different angles. The main goal of the current research i More

The Middle East is a crisis-prone region in various political, military, social, cultural and, of course, economic dimensions. Naturally, many researches have been done on these crises and their explanations from different angles. The main goal of the current research is to analyze and investigate the economic and political characteristics of geopolitical crises in the Middle East from the point of view of political geography experts. The research question is, what are the most important political economic characteristics of geopolitical crises in the Middle East from the point of view of political geography experts? This research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of nature, and in terms of results, it is developmental research. In order to identify the characteristics of geopolitical crises in the Middle East, the meta-analysis method will be used from the results of 13 researches identified in Iran. The meta-analysis results of these researches will lead to the identification of geopolitical crises in the Middle East. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Place of Security in the School of Copenhagen: A Framework for Analysis
محمدتقی آذرشب مرتضی نجم آبادی رامین بخشی تلیابی

Many international thinkers believe that discussing the security status of foreign countries is one of the key issues in understanding international relations. The end of the Cold War, the formation of a new world order, the emergence of transnational players and the su More

Many international thinkers believe that discussing the security status of foreign countries is one of the key issues in understanding international relations. The end of the Cold War, the formation of a new world order, the emergence of transnational players and the supranational, the process of globalization, etc., led to a pro-active debate on security studies and its issues. In particular, the collapse of US-Soviet competition in the form of the Cold War, while transforming the political and security literature, has now provided a new opportunity to expand security studies beyond the boundaries of the tense conflict of the two superpowers. Knowledge and aristocracy are essential for the issue of "security" and make students and international relations experts who want to analyze the actions and reactions that take place on the international scene. In this paper, first, a definition of "Security and its place in the school of Copenhagen" Will be presented and discussed and then the scholars of this school will be introduced. The author will try to present this topic by developing an analytical framework that reflects the comprehensiveness of "security status" in most political science and international relations. Manuscript profile

List of Articles مکتب کپنهاگ

Sanad

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages