مصر اسلامی

Open Access Article

1 - Architecture as a Political Expression: The Impact of Political Contexts and Purposes on the Architectural Activities of Bahri’s Mamluks (1250-1382
Zahra Habibi Fariba Pat Negar Zeilabi

10.30495/jhcin.2022.20097

A number of architectural activities in Egypt during the Mamluks period were influenced by the political context and the goals and factors that associated with it. These contexts added elements and styles to the architecture and provided an area for increasing the numbe More

A number of architectural activities in Egypt during the Mamluks period were influenced by the political context and the goals and factors that associated with it. These contexts added elements and styles to the architecture and provided an area for increasing the number of buildings with such as characteristics. The aim of this research is answer the questions by descriptive-analytical and statistical methods: how did political factors affect the architecture of Mamluks in Egypt? Which buildings were created under the influence of these factors? Findings show that factors and goals such as political legitimacy, domination of society, maintaining government and wealth, turning Egypt into the center of the caliphate, and the question of identity, led the country to increase architectural activities.Also, buildings such as ṭibāq, Jām‛, madrasah, khānqāh, zāwiyah, ḥamām, ribāṭ, sabīl-kuttāb and tombs and structures such as squares and bridges are among the buildings that emerged under the influence of political contexts in Egypt. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Political System, Organization and Governmental Institutes of the Tūlūnīds
هادی عالم زاده معصومعلی پنجه

Tūlūnīds were among the small states which were founded during theweakening and disintegration of the Abassids caliphate. Since anefficient bureaucracy is and essential part of every government,Tūlūnīd rulers especially Ahmad and Khomaroyeh, along preserving

Tūlūnīds were among the small states which were founded during theweakening and disintegration of the Abassids caliphate. Since anefficient bureaucracy is and essential part of every government,Tūlūnīd rulers especially Ahmad and Khomaroyeh, along preserving Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Encroachments on the Endowed Lands in the Mamlūks Egypt: Consequences and Reactions
قدریه تاج بخش

This article is a study on the Egypt endowed lands in the Mamluks era. The Mamluk officers formed a type of military dictatorship by absolute control over their Iqta’at and their profits. Consequently, they had always curbed the power of Sultans and later on, the More

This article is a study on the Egypt endowed lands in the Mamluks era. The Mamluk officers formed a type of military dictatorship by absolute control over their Iqta’at and their profits. Consequently, they had always curbed the power of Sultans and later on, the powerful emirs were not satisfied with their own incomes and farms and invaded some of endowed lands. Furthermore, the military nature of the generals leads them to employ other political-economic methods, such as bribery to the endowed supervisors, aiming to increase their wealth and power. Therefore, Mamluk sultans took various policies in order to restrain and control the excessive power of Emirs and prevent their encroachments. For instance: taking endowed and habous from Shaf’ids and instead, giving them to the sultan, regent or one of the country, s reliable leader, such as Davādār Kabir; separating the duties of the dīvāns of endowed and habous to control the endowed lands and appointing the supervisors of endowed lands by Sultan, were among the fruitless policies which caused the corruption and the social rebels. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Conversion of Copts to Islam in Bahrī Mamluks period: Contexts, Causes & Consequences
معصومعلی پنجه

Egypt Bahrī Mamluks period was a witness of the Conversion ofCoptic Christians to Islam. The Dominance of Copts on governmental[institutions] divans led to growing the hates of both culama andMuslim people as well as occasionally rising some rebellions againsethe govern More

Egypt Bahrī Mamluks period was a witness of the Conversion ofCoptic Christians to Islam. The Dominance of Copts on governmental[institutions] divans led to growing the hates of both culama andMuslim people as well as occasionally rising some rebellions againsethe government accompanied with rebellions of Muslims withindifferent periods of riots. The rebellions made to governors the issueorders for the sake of applying of “Ordinances of Umar (Al- Shurut al-Umariyya)” in the Coptic society. Having shown reaction, a numberof Copts tried to show appeara superficial intend to Islam and to makethemselves free from the limitation caused by such the rules, whilethey continued their relations with their previous coreligionists. Suchsuperficial acceptance of Islam resulted the growing anger of Muslimswhich leading to the rebellion of 755 A.H. which became a thueat tothe life and the social security of Copts. Therefore a great number ofthem turned towards Islam and joined to Muslims. The mentionedtendencies separated Copts from divan and, generally, the structure ofthe political power in Egypt and limited their number. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - khitatnigari in islamic Egypt
M.A Panle

A great amount of historical, geographical and literary knowledge of Islamic Egypt  has been assembled in the works written in the genre of Khital. This genre of historiography in Egypt which was begun by Ibn ‘Abd il- Hakam , was raised to its summit by Makri More

A great amount of historical, geographical and literary knowledge of Islamic Egypt  has been assembled in the works written in the genre of Khital. This genre of historiography in Egypt which was begun by Ibn ‘Abd il- Hakam , was raised to its summit by Makrizi and began to wane in Ali Pasha Mubarak. In this article, in three parts  - Khitatnigari before Makrizi´s Khitat and Khitatnigari after Makrizi – We introduce the books on Khitat and study the status of Khitatnigari in the historiography of Islamic Egypt. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Internal Conflicts and External Pressures: The Collapse and Fall of the ṬūlūnÊd State in Egypt and Syria
masoomali panjeh

With the murder of Khumārawayh in 282 AH, the glory and greatness of the ṬūlūnÊds ended, and the period of decline and collapse began. Why did the collapse and Fall come about and how did it happen? In the analysis of the collapse of the government, there are internal f More

With the murder of Khumārawayh in 282 AH, the glory and greatness of the ṬūlūnÊds ended, and the period of decline and collapse began. Why did the collapse and Fall come about and how did it happen? In the analysis of the collapse of the government, there are internal factors and external causes. During the last decade of their rule, the Ṭūlūnids (282-292 AH) were continuously engaged in internal conflict, among the sons of Khumārawayh and their uncles, the sons of Ibn Ṭūlūn. The children and successors of the Khumārawayh, who inherited a deserted treasury, did not have the power and experience of governance. So, the power and administration of affairs in the country was in the hand of the Commanders of the ṬūlūnÊd Army. Those commanders repeatedly betrayed the ṬūlūnÊds in the fateful moments and joined the enemy, Abbasids. The Qarmatian rebellions in Syria and the Tulonians' inability to suppress and restrain them, opened the Caliph's troops to Syria and then to Egypt, which resulted in the end of the Tulonians. Manuscript profile

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