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Open Access Article
1 - A study of the tribal realm in semi – nomads In Gilan ( case study : Asalem of talesh)
نصرالله MolaeiThe decamping tribes of Iran, widespread and with a long history have Played animportant role in the production cycle. That is why, an attempt must be made toconsider the role of this ''third society'', in addition to urban and rural societies. That iswhy, it is essenti MoreThe decamping tribes of Iran, widespread and with a long history have Played animportant role in the production cycle. That is why, an attempt must be made toconsider the role of this ''third society'', in addition to urban and rural societies. That iswhy, it is essential to fill in the gap between this third society, on the one hand, andrural and urban societies on the other.Decamping tribes , on the contrary to stuble societies, live in a vast area , moving fromone area to another on the basis of climatic conditiones. To be more specific they moveto winter – quarters in the winter, summer – quarters in the summer spring & autumnqnarters in these two season. And the realm of decamping tribes in Asalem is the Est –west pivot.A significant feature is the short time it takes for these tribes to move to winterquarters, summer quarters and spring and autumn quarters in these two season. It isworth mentioning that 95 percent of the members of these tribes move onmotorvehicles. On the other hand, 99 percent of domestic animal are transferred usingtraditional methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Increasing Water Quality Modeling Efficiency by Separating the Year into Hot and Cold Months (Case of Study: Watershed of Sanandaj Gheshlagh Dam)
Seyed Pedram Nainiva Kamran ChapiBackground and Objective: Nowadays, water is considered as one of the factors for improvement and economic growth of societies. The hot and cold seasons of the year and its comparison with the non-segregation of the hot and cold seasons are 26 years. Method: In this stu MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, water is considered as one of the factors for improvement and economic growth of societies. The hot and cold seasons of the year and its comparison with the non-segregation of the hot and cold seasons are 26 years. Method: In this study, after studying the accuracy of discharge data, electrical conductivity, soluble matter, chlorine, calcium, sodium, magnesium, acidity and sodium uptake ratio of the two stations, it was tried to find appropriate regression relationships between discharge parameter and qualitative parameters. Provide water. Findings: The results showed that the Chehelgazi sub-watershed in cold months, the liner relationship between discharge with electrical conductivity, dissolved solids, chloride and sodium and also the exponential relationship was suitable between discharging with calcium. In warm months for this sub-watershed, the linear relationship presented the suitable relationship between discharge with dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, magnesium, calcium, sodium and the sodium adsorption. Also, the linear relationship was suitable between discharge with dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chloride and sodium whereas the exponential relationship was better between the discharging with calcium in Khalifehtarkhan sub-watershed. In this sub-watershed, for warm months, the linear relationship was suitable for the relationship between discharge with dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chloride, sodium and sodium adsorption. The separation comparison of cold and warm months with non-separation showed that non-separation of cold and warm months is not possible the chloride and magnesium estimation (in Chehelgazi sub-watershed) and calcium estimation (in Khalifetarkhan sub-watershed). Discussion and Conclusion: using obtained relationships and seasonal changes of surface waters quality, with discharge rate can create modeling water quality, extraction and recovery of water quality data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Assessment and monitoring of land use degradation around the urban river valley using landscape ecology approach (Case study: Gheshlagh river valley)
Morteza ghobadi alireza sepahvand Masumeh AhmadipariBackground and Objective: Assessment of the resilience threshold based on the characteristics of landscape causes an appropriate management for vulnerability and identifying resilience areas. This study assessed the resilience threshold with the landscape ecology approa MoreBackground and Objective: Assessment of the resilience threshold based on the characteristics of landscape causes an appropriate management for vulnerability and identifying resilience areas. This study assessed the resilience threshold with the landscape ecology approach by using quantitative methods in the Gheshlagh river valley.Material and Methodology: The study area was classified into five homogeneous zones based on the characteristics of the composition and distribution of the landscape structure, and the vulnerability and resilience of the zones were determined. The vulnerability was calculated based on the status of the signs and their changes, and the resilience of the zones was determined based on 5 resilience criteria including ability of resilience, speed of resilience, maximum resilience, amount of resilience, and possibility of resilience. The method of recording the quantitative characteristics of the landscape was completed using moving windows in the fragstat environment during the two periods of 2000 and 2018.Findings: The results of the vulnerability assessment of the zones showed that the vulnerability of the zones were 33%, 25%, 23% and 20% for A, D, C and B, respectively. The results of the resilience of zones showed that the zones A and D are not resilience against the changes, and also the amount of resilience B is more than all zones, the speed of resilience C is also more than the other zones.Discussion and Conclusion: The characteristics of the composition and distribution of the landscape structure have significant effects on the environment and the resilience threshold with the landscape ecology approach is a suitable tool for assessing and monitoring of urban land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Ecological risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals including lead, arsenic, cadmium and zinc in surface water and sediments from Gheshlagh river, Sanandaj
Faranak Faghiri Delnia Hajiahmadi Jamil Amanollahi Farshid GhorbaniAbstract Background and Objective: Heavy metals are considered as serious pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in natural conditions and ability to enter and accumulate in the food chain. Therefore, this study was carried to assess the potential ecological risk MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Heavy metals are considered as serious pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in natural conditions and ability to enter and accumulate in the food chain. Therefore, this study was carried to assess the potential ecological risk and identify the source of heavy metals including lead, arsenic, cadmium and zinc in the surface water and sediments from Gheshlagh river, Sanandaj. Method: For this purpose, 16 samples of surface water and sediment were collected. Then, concentrations of arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Moreover, potential ecological risk index (PERI) and enrichment factor (EF) were utilized to assess the ecological risk, and heavy metals pollution index (HPI) was used to survey the effects of heavy metals on human health. Multivariate analyses such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and EF were used to identify human resource potential of arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc. Findings: The results showed that the average concentration of a group of elements, including Pb, Cd and Zn, was higher than background levels, whereas average concentration of As was significantly lower than the background levels. Enrichment of the studied heavy metals was obtained as Pb> Zn> Cd> As in Gheshlagh river. The results of PERI showed a low risk for Pb, As and Zn and a moderate risk for Cd in the samples under the influence of road traffic. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the results of EF and PCA, it can be concluded that the concentration of As has been mostly affected by the geological structure. Pb and Cd concentrations in four sampling areas were equally affected by agriculture and road traffic. It was also found that the concentration of Zn is influenced by residential wastewater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Assessing Accumulated Total Mercury in Planktonic Biomass from Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir
Kamran Almasieh Shahram KaboodvandpourBackground and Objective: Previous studies showed that the level of total mercury (T-Hg) in Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir (SGR) water is higher than those limits established by WHO and institute of standard of Iran (i.e., 1 µg/L). Therefore this research was carrie MoreBackground and Objective: Previous studies showed that the level of total mercury (T-Hg) in Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir (SGR) water is higher than those limits established by WHO and institute of standard of Iran (i.e., 1 µg/L). Therefore this research was carried out to evaluate the level of T-Hg in SGR plankton biomass as the main source of food which is the most consumed fish in the region and to calculate the mercury biomagnification factor based on published results related to the SGR's silver carp. Method: Plankton samples were collected during July to December 2009 from three different sampling sites. The level of the T-Hg in plankton biomass was measured using Advanced Mercury Analyzer. Findings: Mean accumulated T-Hg (± S.E.) in plankton biomass of SGR was 78.21 ± 3.13 on ng g-1 dry weight basis that the highest level was observed in August (86.81 ± 10.9) and the lowest level was observed in September (68 ± 2.53) on ng g-1 dry weight basis. Statistical analysis showed that the amount of accumulated T-Hg was not significantly different between plankton biomass samples during different months (F5, 10 = 0.94, P = 0.49) and among different sites (F2, 10 = 1.19, P = 0.34). Conclusion: Based on previous studies results in related to the planktivorous fish of SGR and present study results, occurring of mercury biomagnification in the food chain of this water reservoir was proven and it seems that the planktonic biomass of fresh water ecosystem have a considerable capacity to transfer a significant amount of mercury to the higher trophic levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Investigation of Carbon Sequestration Potential of Ungrazed Rangelands in Winter Rangelands of Sorkhkola, Sari
Atefeh Khanlari Reza Tamartash Mohammadreza TatianRangelands are containing more than one-third of earth's biosphere carbon stocks that can able toabsorb atmosphere carbon dioxide by their vegetation and accumulate in plant tissues and soil. Animalgrazing as a human factor could be effect on the amount of absorption. I MoreRangelands are containing more than one-third of earth's biosphere carbon stocks that can able toabsorb atmosphere carbon dioxide by their vegetation and accumulate in plant tissues and soil. Animalgrazing as a human factor could be effect on the amount of absorption. In this study, the effect ofgrazing on carbon sequestration is studied in grazed and ungrazed winter rangelands of Sorkhkola inSari. After determining the type of vegetation and dominant species (Hordeum glaucum), samplingwas done by randomly-systematic method and 20 plots (1m2). The plant biomass of shoot and rootwas determined by direct measurement. Then, samples were weighed and dry matter was calculatedfor each organs. The soil sampling was done from each horizon (0-15 and 15-30 cm) based onboundary separation of the surface and underlying horizon in the area. Organic carbon percentage ofplant and soil samples was obtained in laboratory. As well as other soil properties including bulkdensity, soil texture, calcium carbonate, electrical conductivity and soil reaction was determined.Finally, the grazed and ungrazed area data was analyzed using independent t-test in SPSS 16 software.The results showed that a significant reduction of carbon sequestration from aerial to undergroundorgans area in grazed and protected sites (p≤0/01). Despite the decline in soil carbon sequestrationthrough grazing to protected area had no significant differences between the first and second soildepth. Also, the result showed that sequestration rate was much higher in the soil to plant. It was 97%and 99% of the carbon sequestration in the protected and grazed area respectively Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - اهمیت نقش عشایر مرزنشین در مناطق استراتژیک (مطالعه موردی: عشایر ایل شاهسون استان اردبیل)
پریچهره شاهسوند -
Open Access Article
8 - Investigation and Zoning of Soil Erosion Rate in Chehlgazi Sub-Watershed of Kurdistan Province
Seyed Pedram Nainiva Maedeh Parichereh Maryam MohammadrezaeiSoil erosion is considered as a natural and human hazard in both developing and developed countries. In other words, this problem can be caused by unprincipled development and factors affecting it, such as increasing population, deforestation, and lack of attention to s MoreSoil erosion is considered as a natural and human hazard in both developing and developed countries. In other words, this problem can be caused by unprincipled development and factors affecting it, such as increasing population, deforestation, and lack of attention to soil capacity, as well as caused by factors such as overgrazing, unprincipled and traditional cultivation, destruction vegetation etc.; For this reason, it is referred to as an international problem in many societies.This research has been conducted in order to evaluating hazard, zoning of areas prone to water erosion and determining the amount of soil loss in the Chehlgezi sub-basin of Gheshlagh(Vahdat) Dam, Sanandaj with the SLEMSA model and Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing.The results of hazard assessment, zoning of areas susceptible to water erosion and determination of the amount of soil loss showed that 93.15% of the sub-basin has erosion volume of 0 to 10, 2.46% of the sub-basin has an erosion volume of 10 to 20, 3.17% has an erosion volume of 20 to 50, and 1.20% has an erosion volume of 50 to 537 tons/ha/year. According to the classification of erosion rate between 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 tons/ha/year, which is classified as low and medium class, about 95.61% of the sub-basin is in the low to medium class. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases, the use of other models and the comparison with their results with this model and observational data can be effective in making management decisions in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluating Development Levels of Nomadic Community of Iran's Provinces in Different Dimensions, Social- Welfare, Infrastructure and Technology
Ali Akbar Taghiloo Mir Najaf MousaviThe present study aims to evaluate development level of physical-spatial dimension of summer and winter nomadic communities in different regions of the country. The method of Research and description of relationship between variables was descriptive-analytic. The statis MoreThe present study aims to evaluate development level of physical-spatial dimension of summer and winter nomadic communities in different regions of the country. The method of Research and description of relationship between variables was descriptive-analytic. The statistical population included 2373660 people in the form of 426,320 families of all of the nomadic communities of the country. The required data were obtained through documents and statistics center and the last census period of country's nomadic communities in 2008. To analyze the data TOPSIS model was used to rank developed, semi-developed and underdeveloped provinces and the SPSS regression model was used to measure the importance and influence of research's effective indices in development level. The findings of the study showed the coefficient of developing inequality was 0.467 in winter and 0.567 in summer. The developing uniformity coefficient was 2.01 in underdeveloped summer provinces and it was 4.4 for undeveloped winter provinces. Regression model showed that the indicators used in explaining development level of nomadic community were 99.3% and 98.2% in summer and winter periods respectively. Among the indicators of development, access to energy with coefficient 0.693 and in winter period access to communication and information facilities with coefficient 3.26 had the highest influence in development level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Tectonic Effect on morphometric and sorting sediments In Gheshlagh River
Hadi Nayyeri Khabat Amani Akhtar AmaniTectonic activity in crushed stone is effective and often lead to changes in morphometry and river deposits are sorted. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect on active tectonics and faults and sorted sediment barriers between theGheshlaghdam and Zhavh dam usin MoreTectonic activity in crushed stone is effective and often lead to changes in morphometry and river deposits are sorted. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect on active tectonics and faults and sorted sediment barriers between theGheshlaghdam and Zhavh dam using descriptive and analytical. In order to achieve the objectives of the first field studies and tools such as topographic maps of 1: 25,000 geological map of 1: 100,000 and reports were available. Methods In this way, at the intersection of faults and river sediment samples were collected. After drying sample, the shaker set in seven scale and position and dispersion measures were calculated for each sample. The results show that an increase in the slope of the ground faults and increase power and speed of the water as a result of the selective transport of sediment particles and a sharpdecline is sorted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - اهمیت نقش عشایر مرزنشین در مناطق استراتژیک (مطالعه موردی: عشایر ایل شاهسون استان اردبیل)
پریچهره شاهسوند -
Open Access Article
12 - Flood Management of Urban Areas Due to Possible Failure of the Dam (casestudy: Gheshlagh Dam and Sanandaj City)
سید محمود جزایری مقدس Bakhtiar AhmadiAlthough dams have the potential to achieve macro and national goals, they sometimes also provide the necessary ground for threats to occur. One of these threats is the risk of flooding due to the possible failure of dams for settlements located near them. In this study MoreAlthough dams have the potential to achieve macro and national goals, they sometimes also provide the necessary ground for threats to occur. One of these threats is the risk of flooding due to the possible failure of dams for settlements located near them. In this study, the failure of Gheshlagh Dam, a dam located 12 km north of Sanandaj, the capital of Kurdistan Province, has been investigated. The failure of this dam has been analyzed using the HEC-RAS program and the results confirm that after the start of the failure of the dam, in the early stages of the river, the water level rises sharply and submerges the heights on both sides of the river. But the downstream topography of the dam is such that although much of the land around the river is submerged, urban areas are less vulnerable to flood risk. However, given the risk to life on the riverbank, the use of a flood warning system is suggested as an effective solution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Comparative study of quality of life indicators of nomads in Yilaq and Qeshlaq of Il Bakhtiari (case study: nomads of Lali city)
Zahra Soltani Majid Goodarzi Sadegh Soleimani BabadiIntroduction: Today, improving the quality of life is a central planning goal in every country. So, first of all, an accurate and comprehensive understanding of the status quo of the quality of life should be done. It can be done only based on a systematic approach.Aim: MoreIntroduction: Today, improving the quality of life is a central planning goal in every country. So, first of all, an accurate and comprehensive understanding of the status quo of the quality of life should be done. It can be done only based on a systematic approach.Aim: This research aims to investigate the indicators of the quality of life of the nomads of Lali County in Yaylak and Kishlak.Methodology: This applied study employed a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population consisted of the nomads of Lali County. The sample size, calculated using Cochran's formula, included 322 individuals. The research theoretical data was collected using the library technique through existing books and articles, and the field data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, mode, median) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test) were employed to analyze the data.Geographical area of research: The research covers the Yaylak and Kishlak nomadic areas of Lali County.Results and discussion: The results of the one-sample t-test show that the average value obtained from the economic index in Kiskhlak and Yaylak regions is 1.88 and 1.49, respectively; the social indicator in Kishlak is 2.43, and in Yaylak is 2.16; physical indicator in Kiskhlak is 1.99 and in Yaylak is 2.20; environmental indicator in Kishlak is 2.07 and in Yaylak is 1.98, which are lower than the hypothetical mean value 3. It indicates that the mentioned indicators did not have a positive effect on the quality of life of the Bakhtiari nomads of Lali County.Conclusion: Nomadic life is one of the oldest lifestyles in different regions of the world and Iran; its continuity throughout history has experienced various ups and downs under the influence of economic, social, natural, and primarily political issues to the extent that sometimes the developments of this society have brought a turning point in the developments of Iran. Accordingly, presenting plans and programs regarding nomads requires deep scientific research and studies to provide appropriate strategies that cause minor damage. Manuscript profile
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