زمین‌شناسی

Open Access Article

1 - Hazards of Tunnel Excavation in H2S-bearing Grounds: (Case study of Aspar Tunnel)
Hossein Mirmehrabi Mohammad Ghafoori Gholamreza Lashkaripour Jafar Hassanpour

AbstractIntroduction: Encountering hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) during excavation is one of the important engineering,geological and environmental hazards during the tunnelling. Tackling this hazard and solving its challengessolving are very difficult and costly. During i More

AbstractIntroduction: Encountering hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) during excavation is one of the important engineering,geological and environmental hazards during the tunnelling. Tackling this hazard and solving its challengessolving are very difficult and costly. During investigation of the situation, one of the main tasks is prediction orevaluation of the risk of H2S gas and selection of the best methods to tackle its engineering and environmentalproblems. In this study, water conveyance tunnel of Aspar excavated in H2S bearing environment is discussed.This tunnel is excavated in the hydrocarbon formations. In this paper, hazards, characteristics, safety regulations,and geological sources of H2S as well as the methods to decrease the risks and problems in excavation of thetunnel are presented in brief.Methods: In order to determine the source of gas and to select the best methods to mitigate its hazards andproblems, in addition to investigation of the same experiences, concentration of various gases was recorded byfixed stations on the machine and by mobile sensors at the beginning, midpoint and end of each working shift.Moreover, sampling of the polluted air and water was implemented. The samples were sent to a specificlaboratory for chemical analysis. At the same time, concentration of the gas in the air and water of the tunnel wasmeasured.Results: Experiments raleted to the tunnel showed that the gas caused an unacceptable condition for workers.For predicting the risk of H2S gas in underground spaces, it is possible to use some evidences such as sulfursprings, organic traces, organic shales, exposure of H2S odor from fresh surface of rock, and smelling of H2Sduring boreholes drilling. Results of the analysis show that the gas enters the tunnel along with water,dominantly. Also considerable amount of the gas is released to the air at the beginning. According to theinvestigations, the source of the gas is relevant to hydrocarbon formations inthe area.Conclusion: Geological formations related to hydrocarbon resources are very important in the formation andreservation of H2S gas. Since the gas is in solution form and is emitted promptly, controlling the inflow ofgroundwater into the excavation, diluting the concentration of H2S and training the workers are a series ofmethods used to decrease the risks and problems associated with tunnel excavation in an H2S-bearingenvironment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Application of Geology in the Interpretation of the Holy Quran
Abdolhossein Kangazian AkramAlsadat MirMomtaz Sara Bahrami Azam Noorgostari

Geology can be considered as a tool for interpreting the holy Quran and help in interpreting the related verses through observing the rules of interpretation science. In this article verses containing the expression “الارض” are interpreted regarding this vie More

Geology can be considered as a tool for interpreting the holy Quran and help in interpreting the related verses through observing the rules of interpretation science. In this article verses containing the expression “الارض” are interpreted regarding this viewpoint. The results of this research show that from among 115 verses containing this expression 44 verses are not related to geology concepts and the related sciences and should not try to interpret them through this science. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Impacts of Macro-Scale Parameters on Siminehrood River Basin
Farshid BostanManesh Sadegh Partani Rohollah Nori

Macro scale parameters (e.g. Land use, population density, geology and erosion etc.) have been considered as macro scale indicators (MSIs) to estimate the water quality in river. The effects of MSIs on water quality variables (that here in after call as micro scale vari More

Macro scale parameters (e.g. Land use, population density, geology and erosion etc.) have been considered as macro scale indicators (MSIs) to estimate the water quality in river. The effects of MSIs on water quality variables (that here in after call as micro scale variables / MSVs) were investigated through multivariate statistical analysis (MVA). Several MVA employed to find out, validation and verification of interaction effects in screening steep wise stages. The analysis was applied to in situ and laboratory measured data. The sampling process had been carried out on 15 stations, in three stages, in Siminehrood River. The Siminehrood River is located in north-west of Iran as one of important rivers which is terminated to Uremia Lake. MSVs includes all NSF variables. Results demonstrated the high resolution interaction between MSPs and MSVs. the results declared a dramatic relation between dry‌ farming/irrigated farming and PO4,TDS and Turbidity. Urban land use and first level erosion we considered as effective MSPs on BOD5, EC and TDS. High ranked pollution category of geological layer is detected as one of effective MSPs on PO4 and physical water quality variables. The results led the research to the MSPs estimating river water quality in comparative water quality studies in different river basins. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Interaction Effects of Sabzkuh Tunnel Excavation and Ground Water Resources: (Environmental Management Approach)
majid taromi Majid Asadnabizadeh

In this paper, hydrogeology and geology of Sabzkuh tunnel path and its environment has been reviewed, so as to anticipation of changes in the natural regime of underground waters and its impacts in springs resources after tunnel excavation with environmental management More

In this paper, hydrogeology and geology of Sabzkuh tunnel path and its environment has been reviewed, so as to anticipation of changes in the natural regime of underground waters and its impacts in springs resources after tunnel excavation with environmental management approach has been determined. For this purpose, different formation of tunnel path, faults and their permeability and potential amplitudes were recognized and categorized. From another perspective, water resources and springs of tunnel path were identified and hydrogeological boundary of tunnel path was determined to investigate interactions among tunnel excavation and underground water resources. According to these data, the tunnel path had been divided into two section: 1. High risk areas (Choghakhor region) 2. Low risk areas (Sabzkuh region). After tunnel mechanized excavation, changes of ground and geological complexity of studied zone and influx of mud along with abundance of water into tunnel caused cancelation of tunnel excavation despite all measures carried out for injection and reinforcement in risky area and capabilities of mechanized excavation machine. Following that, due to interaction to fault area of Sakiabad (Aloghareh), this fault had been dried in less than one week. Drying of Sakiabad spring had brought negative effects in terms of social, environmental and economical in the zone. Scrutiny of this factors and considering all parameters, the tunnel excavation had ceased. Reviewing studies and feasibility of all effected sections and with environmental management approach, combination of tunnel in Sabzkuh and water canal in Choghakhor section and change in the profile of path in order to reduce regional environmental impacts have been relatively considered. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Study of the Stone Artifacts of Tepe Hissar, Damghan (4000-2000 BC)
Hamid Amanollahi

During the excavations carried out by Schmidt a collection of artifacts and stoneware were dug out. These objects demonstrate the culture of the people living in Tepe Hissar in prehistoric times. The collection includes short columns, stemmed plates, bowls, jars, spoute More

During the excavations carried out by Schmidt a collection of artifacts and stoneware were dug out. These objects demonstrate the culture of the people living in Tepe Hissar in prehistoric times. The collection includes short columns, stemmed plates, bowls, jars, spouted pitchers, mortars, etc. In this article the writer has tried, as much as possible, to study the existing documents on the stone artifacts discovered in archeological excavations, field study of Tepe Hissar archeological mound, and stone artifacts in Iran National Museum. In conclusion, It has been tried to study the technology and typology of 30 stone artifacts of Tepe Hissar, now in the National Museum, including classification of the collection based on composition, type, and typology; also the characteristics of all stone artifacts have been explained. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Petrography and its Function for Investigation of Archaeological Materials (a Case Study: Stone )
Hamid Amanollahi

Archeology, like any other scientific field of study, is on the move to fundamental changes and evolution, in a way that its transformed view might appear unfamiliar for archeologists belonging to last generations, or those unaware of its recent extensive advancements i More

Archeology, like any other scientific field of study, is on the move to fundamental changes and evolution, in a way that its transformed view might appear unfamiliar for archeologists belonging to last generations, or those unaware of its recent extensive advancements in two decades. The most important step in promoting archeology was the adoption of archaeological field methods based on scientific principles, with specific issues of cultural studies, field tests and theory making (hypothesis) that is common in all the fields of science today. Thus, the expansion of archaeological science in recent decades and increasing attention to the interaction and the role of environmental resources - and its role in human activities as well as creation of archeological monuments – caused archeologists to be in need of other fields of science, especially basic science and engineering. About fifty years of cooperation of scientists in archeological fields such Geoarchaeology, Paleoethnobotnay, Archaeozoology, Archaeobiology, etc. as a research group, has given a new form to this branch of science. Therefore, having a group of archaeological and geological experts altogether has enhanced the analysis. In this paper it is attempted to discuss the importance of interdisciplinary sciences, methods of recognizing, and the importance of identifying rocks and archaeological studies.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Measurable Research in Pleistocene Environmental Archaeology (Definitions, Applications, and Necessities for the Iranian Plateau)
Nemat Hariri Reza Rezaloo Ardeshir Javanmardzadeh Saman Heydari-Guran

10.30495/peb.2022.699733

A large part of our information concerning the Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate, past human activities, are coming from archived data in the sedimentological layers. Diets regime, vegetation, climatic situation and the causes of extinction of species, migration, and se More

A large part of our information concerning the Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate, past human activities, are coming from archived data in the sedimentological layers. Diets regime, vegetation, climatic situation and the causes of extinction of species, migration, and settlement systems are that information which can be extracted from the Earth archive. Meanwhile, it is clear that not only is it possible to obtain all this information by studying cultural materials. As a result, the relatively new approaches of environmental archaeology and geoarchaeology have been adapted from the geological sciences to help archaeological problems. The task of these approaches is collecting and analyzing information that helps better human behaviors and tries to understand the processes between humans and their environment. Like other parts of the archaeological research in Iran developing rapidly, however, still using Advanced Techniques are not comparable with Western countries. This paper provides an overview of some of the most important Geoarchaeological approaches associated with examples more specifically during the late Pleistocene. We have been trying to give a general picture of the research that has been taken out in recent years on Iranian Geoarchaeological and environmental archaeology. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Relationship between Geological Formations and Contour Form of Topographic Maps in Part of Northern and Southern Alborz
عیسی Jokar Sarhangi Mansour Bakhshi

The preparation of geomorphological maps is requiring a lot of time and extensive money to collect information on maternal and landforms. Registration maternal features in these maps are usually based on geological maps, field operations, and aerial photographs analyzin More

The preparation of geomorphological maps is requiring a lot of time and extensive money to collect information on maternal and landforms. Registration maternal features in these maps are usually based on geological maps, field operations, and aerial photographs analyzing. However, due to the resistance of rocks and sediments against erosion is different, it is possible to identify and distinguish them by 1:25000 topographic maps and by studying the form of contours. The purpose of this study is to identify contour forms of topographic maps and find their relationship with geological formations of the region in Part of northern and southern Alborz. For this purpose, the existing contours forms including straight contours, and simple sinusoidal, long and elongated sinusoidal, dense sinusoidal and pulsed curves are classified in topography maps of the region and overlapped with the formation maps of the region that supply by using geological maps 1:100000 geological surveys of Iran. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the relationship between them. The results showed that the contour forms of the geological formations of the area were significantly different at the 0.01 level. The contour forms of straight and simple predominate in hard rocks and dense sinusoidal forms in loose formations and are higher than expected. Therefore, the rock material is effective in creating specific contour forms of topographic maps of the area and since these forms are easily recognizable in these maps, it is therefore possible to use topographic maps to obtain material information for geomorphological maps. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The scientific productions of authors in the geology discipline in Web of Science (WOS) based on Bradford law and Lotka law
fahimeh mansoori Farideh Osare gholamreza Heydary

Purpose: The purpose of this study is Evaluation of reliability of Bradford law and Lotka law, two of the main and basic rules of scientomerics, In terms of current information, in order to test the frequency distribution of scientific productivity of authors and the sc More

Purpose: The purpose of this study is Evaluation of reliability of Bradford law and Lotka law, two of the main and basic rules of scientomerics, In terms of current information, in order to test the frequency distribution of scientific productivity of authors and the scientific Production of them in journals. Methodology: This study is descriptive - analysis and scientomtrics indicators have been used. For data analysis with Lotka law, the number of productions of authors was calculated. Then, to ensure results and confirmed the results mentioned, LOTKA software was also imposed. In order to test data on Bradford's law, this law was also used. Findings: The results showed that the scientific production of authors in the field of geology during 1990 to 2010 is not confirmed by Lotka law and the law was not dominating in this study. While in reviewing of Bradford law, the results indicates that Bradford is confirmed for the scientific outputs of authors is in the period of study. Conclusion: The results showed that in the test Lotka law with scientific outputs of authors in the field of geology during 1990 to 2010, this law was not approved. It seems that with the changes in co-authorship of scientific outputs, this law is not dominant and requires further investigation, so as a general principle, at all times, be used. In reviewing Bradford law, the results show that this law has been confirmed in the scientific outputs of the authors in the field of geology in the period of study. whereas the authors are used as subjects of the articles. In other words, the greatest number of authors (as topics of articles) has produced the lowest number of scientific outputs that these documents are the core documents and by the greatest participation of authors have written.   Manuscript profile

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