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Open Access Article
1 - Cultural interactions of the Mongols with the Europeans and its impact on the architecture of the buildings of Iran by examining two examples of the mosque and the Gothic church
Ali Bakhtar reza farmahini farahani hosein moradi nasabThe Mongols began construction after the invasion of Iran and the initial destruction. And they formed their architecture in continuation of the architecture of the past, but with a higher height at the entrance. The beginning of cultural and economic relations between MoreThe Mongols began construction after the invasion of Iran and the initial destruction. And they formed their architecture in continuation of the architecture of the past, but with a higher height at the entrance. The beginning of cultural and economic relations between Iran and Europe was formed during this period. Political relations improved and trade between the Iilkhani and the Europeans flourished. This period coincided with the period of European Gothic architecture، Its main feature is the height in construction. Therefore, by examining and comparing two cases of Iilkhani mosques with two cases of Gothic churches by a qualitative comparative comparison method Studied the influence of Gothic architecture on the entrance architecture of Iilkhani mosques In this regard, after examining the role of cultural interactions between Mongols and Europeans and studying the entrances of mosques And churches and compare subscriptions and differentiate indicators It was observed that contrary to researchers' perceptions, the effects of this interaction in the field of architecture, especially in the formation of the entrance of the building has not been effective. And the theory of building elevation is still valid due to the creation of urban symbols and Thiol structure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Kinetics of Nickel Leaching from Spent Catalyst in Nitric Acid Solution
Saeid Gitipour Fatemeh Akbar Pour Saeid FirouzbakhtBackground and Objective: Most industrial synthesis and processes require catalysis. Large quantities of catalysts are used in petroleum and petrochemical industry. These catalysts deactivate over time, and when the activity of a catalyst declines below an acceptable le MoreBackground and Objective: Most industrial synthesis and processes require catalysis. Large quantities of catalysts are used in petroleum and petrochemical industry. These catalysts deactivate over time, and when the activity of a catalyst declines below an acceptable level, the catalyst has to be regenerated and reused. However, when regeneration is not possible, the catalyst activity might decrease to very low levels, so that further regeneration might not be economically feasible. In such cases, spent catalysts tend to be discarded as solid wastes. Method: Recycling of spent catalysts has become an unavoidable task to reduce the catalyst waste and prevent the environmental pollution. The kinetics of spent nickel oxide catalyst (NiO/Al2O3) from Razi petrochemical company leaching in nitric acid solutions was investigated. The effects of time reaction (60-360 min), nitric acid concentration (10%, 20%, 30%) and temperature (35oC, 85oC) on the rate of nickel leaching were studied. In addition, the reaction residues at various levels of nickel extraction were examined by XRD. Findings: The results of XRD analysis of catalysts showed that the most important elements in the catalyst were aluminum (43%) in the form of aluminum oxide and nickel (12.15%) in the form of nickel oxide. A maximum extraction of 92% was achieved at 85oC, 30% HNO3 and 360min. Discussion and Conclusions: Time reaction, temperature and acid concentration showed positive effect. The leaching kinetics indicates that chemical reaction at the surface of the particles is the rate-controlling process during the reaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Recycling the Spent Catalysts of Claus Unit in Natural Gas Refineries and Their Application for Synthesis of Composite Adsorbents Coated by Polypyrrole for the removal of lead ions
Nima Fallah Tayebeh Johari mohammad Toosi mohammad hasan PeyroviBackground and Objective: Catalytic processes in oil and gas industries are very important for refining, purification and production of useful compounds. Regeneration of spent catalysts is interested due to their environmental problems as solid wastes in the refineries. MoreBackground and Objective: Catalytic processes in oil and gas industries are very important for refining, purification and production of useful compounds. Regeneration of spent catalysts is interested due to their environmental problems as solid wastes in the refineries. Activated alumina is a very useful catalyst in gas refinery for conversion of hydrogen sulfide to the elemental sulfur in Claus unit.In this paper regeneration of spent catalyst of Claus process in Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) and application of it for synthesis of polypyrrole/Al2O3 composite as an adsorbent of lead ion was investigated. Method: Catalyst regeneration was performed via washing by water or caustic washing and then thermal process. Characterization and analysis of catalysts were performed by XRF, XRD, FTIR, and BET measurements. Polypyrrole /Al2O3 composite was synthesized by in situ polymerization and used for removal of lead ions in batch experiments and different values of pH, lead concentration and temperature. Findings: Results showed that regeneration process caused to removal of impurities and sulfur without any change in the catalyst structure. Specific area of catalyst increased from 84 m2/g in spent catalyst to 186 m2/g in regenerated sample while the sulfur content decreased from 2.53% to 0.005-0.007%. Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicated that the composite showed high ability for lead removal. Adsorption behavior was determined as Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Technical Feasibility of CO2 Capturing through Post Combustion Process in Cement Industry to Reduce Greenhouse Gases
Farideh Atabi Abtin Ataei Ahmaad Khoshgerd Farzaneh Kiani Global warming occurs due to the increase of greenhouse gases emission including CO2, the consequence of which would be the drastic changes in the Earth's climate. Due to the consumption of fossil fuels and the chemical processes used to p More Global warming occurs due to the increase of greenhouse gases emission including CO2, the consequence of which would be the drastic changes in the Earth's climate. Due to the consumption of fossil fuels and the chemical processes used to produce cement at the stage of heating the raw material, the net amount of CO2 gas production in the cement industry is about 15 to 25% . The present research discusses the technical feasibility of recycling CO2 in Abyek Cement Complex, which is known as large cement industry in the country with the production capacity of about 12,500 tons per day on two production lines. The main fuel of furnaces in this industry is heavy oil. Due to the combustion, the gases emitted from the five-stage pre heater include 24.5% CO2, 7.6% H2O, 48% O2 by volume and 61.3% N2. With respect to the analysis of gases emitted from the furnace of Abyek Cement Complex and the factory's available facilities, the absorption was designed using post combustion process through the chemical absorption method using Monoethanolamine (MEA) by HYSYS software. The required equipment of the process was simulated and optimized and dimensions of all the process components were determined. The results show that approximately 117 ton per hour of CO2 with the efficiency of 97% at C with moisture content (1179 kg/h), Oxygen (2.5 kg/h), and nitrogen (16.5 kg/h) is absorbed which can be transferred to the consuming centers after pressurization and condensation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Bioregeneration of GAC used in the Esfahan's Mobarakeh steel factory
Saeedreza Asemizavareh Saeedeh RafatnezhadThe objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of using a microbial mix to biodegrade the chemical wastewater (mainly phenol compounds) of the Mobarakeh steel factory (Esfahan-Iran) adsorbed on granular activated carbon (GAC) and to determine the adsorpti MoreThe objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of using a microbial mix to biodegrade the chemical wastewater (mainly phenol compounds) of the Mobarakeh steel factory (Esfahan-Iran) adsorbed on granular activated carbon (GAC) and to determine the adsorption capacity of the bioregenerated GAC. The apparatus consisted of a continuous reactor made of glass with the dimensions of 43 × 29 × 50 cm (L × W × H), with continuous airing supplied by a compressor and a 24-h feeding system. The microbes were acclimated for 3 months inside the reactor under these conditions: temperature of 30 ± 1 ºC, continuous feeding with a synthetic wastewater (C12H22O11 - CO (NH2)2 - Na2HPo4 at a daily loading rate of 1000 mg COD/L day) and continuous airing by the compressor. After the acclimation period (3 months), 300 g of the used GAC is introduced into the reactor, and a 2-month period of bioregeneration is started. At the beginning of this period, the COD of the feed solution was 500 mg L-1 as in the other studies and the amounts of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) was 2420 (mg L-1). The regeneration efficiency (RE) increases from 6% on day 7 of the bioregeneration process to 28% on day 53, with the MLSS increasing from 3520 mg L-1 on day 7 to 13460 mg L-1 on day 53. The results indicate that the increase of MLSS affects the regeneration efficiency of GAC. The phenol adsorption capacities of the new GAC, used GAC (without bioregeneration), bioregenerated GAC (for 7 days) and the bioregenerated GAC (for 53 days) were 90.87, 0.00, 5.06 and 26.29 mg L-1, respectively. Therefore, the adsorption capacity of the 53-day bioregenerated GAC was higher than that of the used GAC without regeneration and of the GAC bioregenerated for shorter periods (7, 14, 23, 38, 45 days). This demonstrates that the bioregenerated GAC can be recycled and used for phenol adsorption for longer periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - تاملی در چگونگی تعامل و تعاضد صلاح الدین ایوبی با شیعیان اسماعیلی و امامی
مهری خوش چهره بشری دلریش شهربانو دلبری
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