ایزد

Open Access Article

1 - Symbolism of Menorah, the Seven-Branched Hebrew Lampstand
زینب Baniasad فاطمه Lajevardi Sh Pazooki طاهره Hajebrahimi

Menorah, one of the most prominent symbols of Jewish religion, has its origin in the Bible, and is believed by Jews that it is made by Moses for the Ark of Covenant, according to the God's command. Menorah was the most popular symbol of Judaism till Middle Ages and it i More

Menorah, one of the most prominent symbols of Jewish religion, has its origin in the Bible, and is believed by Jews that it is made by Moses for the Ark of Covenant, according to the God's command. Menorah was the most popular symbol of Judaism till Middle Ages and it is evident in graffiti and mosaics of synagogues, container engravings, stone carvings, graves of the dead, stone sarcophaguses, glassworks and etc. Focusing on consideration of the symbol’s origins and roots leads us to a wide range of meanings like the roots of Bible itself and the impressions this religion has got from the oldest ancient civilizations. In most religions and also in Judaism the presence of God is accompanied by lite or fire which are the symbols of awareness and wisdom. Such that one of its main meanings is considered to be the symbol of God’s presence and the lite of his recognition. Menorah also is considered to be the symbol of tree of life, tree of knowledge, the seven planets, seven heavens, seven days of creation, seven archangels and etc. Some experts relate its design to fertility goddesses and the sacred trees which are the symbols of those goddesses. Manuscript profile

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2 - Position and Role of Myths in Khosravani's Wisdom; with Emphasis on Illuminationist Wisdom, Shahnameh and Mersad Al-Ebad
Saeedeh Niazi Mohammad Reza Zaman Ahmadi Shahrokh Hekmat

Khosravani's wisdom is an unreasonable charter and a great legacy of the teachings of ancient Iran, which shows a wide range of wisdom and philosophy, poetry and literature, and even mysticism and Sufism in a frame. This study aims to compare the views of three great Ir More

Khosravani's wisdom is an unreasonable charter and a great legacy of the teachings of ancient Iran, which shows a wide range of wisdom and philosophy, poetry and literature, and even mysticism and Sufism in a frame. This study aims to compare the views of three great Iranian thinkers Ferdowsi Hakim, Sheikh Ishraq and Najmuddin Razi to answer the fundamental question that how is it expressed the eternal myths of Khosravi wisdom in the thoughts of Sheikh Ishraq, "Shahnameh" Ferdowsi and "Mersad Al-Ebad" Najmuddin Razi? The method of conducting the present research is a library study and in a descriptive-analytical and comparative method. This issue is the heritage of Iranians for thousands of years to institutionalize love, light, goodness and beauty. Among the important results of this research are the myths from Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh" to Sahrurdi's "Wisdom of Illumination" that always carry mystical and heroic messages and symbols, and many of them are derived from the long-standing wisdom of Fahlavi scholars. These ideal heroes, by defeating the evils and the blacks, are the manifestation of the eternal opposition of good and evil. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - analaysis political component of political legitimacy from the perspective of Islamic-Iranian intellectual movements(Third to eighth century AH)
حبیب عشایری

The study of the component of political legitimacy, especially from the point of view of the Islamic-Iranian intellectual movements during the third centuries of the AH century, illustrates the depiction of a pyramidic society from the point of view of political philoso More

The study of the component of political legitimacy, especially from the point of view of the Islamic-Iranian intellectual movements during the third centuries of the AH century, illustrates the depiction of a pyramidic society from the point of view of political philosophy and from the point of view of other currents. In this regard, Farabi, Avicenna, Ghazali, Khajeh Nasyros, noted the audience.In such a way that a mutually beneficial relationship can be found between the utopian royal society, the philosopher Shah Wamam Yasultan in the framework of Iranian-Islamic political thought. Of course, all thinkers, according to their kind of thinking and analysis, have distinctive features for the president and the ruler.But the Shiites, with the acceptance of the belief in "Imamate" based on the rule of favor and based on the Nas, placed the concept of legitimacy in a special context. Imam is a legitimate ruler and he is the one who is appointed and appointed on the basis of the number of sons of Ali (as) and of the generation of Fatima (sa) and of the branch of Hussein ibn Ali. Therefore, his government, if it is real and legitimate, is based on Shariah Manuscript profile

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4 - Measuring the ratio of Charisma, Philosopher King and Imam in the Area of Theorization with an Emphasis upon Opinions of Abu Nasr Farabi
حبیب عشایری محسن رضوانی

The relationship and ratio between philosopher king, charisma and Imam has been analyzed in the system of thinking of many of Muslim philosophers in different ideational aspects in the mid-centuries of Islam. Each of them has expressed views is this regard based on thei More

The relationship and ratio between philosopher king, charisma and Imam has been analyzed in the system of thinking of many of Muslim philosophers in different ideational aspects in the mid-centuries of Islam. Each of them has expressed views is this regard based on their own socio-political ideas from among whom Farabi, Avicenna, Al-Mawardi, Ibn Taqtaqi, Khwajeh Nezam Al-Molk, Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyya, Mesquiyya Razi, Fadlullah Ruzbahan Khanji et.al can be named. Of course, the issue of philosopher king before being centralized by Muslim philosophers had been regarded as Platonic political views and accordingly, the effects of ideas of Plato and even Aristotle on the Islamic philosophers opinions cannot be abandoned just as this is clearly seen in ideas of Farabi, Avicenna and other thinkers. Therefore, the common features of three components of philosopher king, charisma and Imam demand contemplation in the eyes of Shiism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Comparative Analysis of Charismatic Myth in Rahat-Al-Sodour and Beihaghi’s History
Hojat Rashidi Ahmad hasani ranjbar Shervin Khamse

10.30495/dk.2021.1880210.1669

Rahat-Al-Sodour and Ayat-Al-Sorour (603Ah.) is a historic book by Mohammad-Ibn-Ali-Ibn-Soleiman Raavandi in Seljuk dynasty. In addition to its historic advantages, from its perspicuity of composition and intricacy of the abundant social information, this book is conside More

Rahat-Al-Sodour and Ayat-Al-Sorour (603Ah.) is a historic book by Mohammad-Ibn-Ali-Ibn-Soleiman Raavandi in Seljuk dynasty. In addition to its historic advantages, from its perspicuity of composition and intricacy of the abundant social information, this book is considered as one of the most authentic and beneficial Persian books before the Mongol attack.  The topic of charisma could be compared in this work with the other Persian-language works. One of the other famous Persian-language works is Beihaghi’s History, which had been authorized by Abolfazl Beihaghi, as a historic-literary book, and its main topic is the history of the first Masoud monarchy as the son of Mahmoud Ghaznavi. Therefore, charisma topic could be investigated in comparing these two given works. This topic has a particular glitter in both works. The most significant question mentioned in this query is that how are both authors’ viewpoints to the charismatic myth? It is concluded that although in Rahat-Al-Sodour and Beihaghi’sHistory, the topic of charismatic myth is obvious and traceable, their both viewpoints to this topic is different in concepts and application. The charismatic myth in Rahat-Al-Sodouris presented in the form of function, visual manifestation, celestial endorsement, and stipulation to the charismatic lexicon and in Beihaghi’s History is more conducted in the form and vesture of celestial fatalism, some ceremonial manifestation such as Mehregan festival, the power of hunting the Lion by Masoud, and etc. This research is conducted by the content analysis and using the library-based sources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Word and Speech in Naserkhosros Worldview
Fateme Heidari

  Naserkhosro Ghobadiani Balkhi, poet and philosopher in fifth Hejara century, after searching and acquiring different sciences, became familiar with'' the Propagandists of Ismailia sect'' .He mastered of his age in intellectual knowledge and traditional knowledge More

  Naserkhosro Ghobadiani Balkhi, poet and philosopher in fifth Hejara century, after searching and acquiring different sciences, became familiar with'' the Propagandists of Ismailia sect'' .He mastered of his age in intellectual knowledge and traditional knowledge. According to his opinion he obtained to special theory about word and speech. Word as a being has two kinds of creation –creation from nothing and emanation-with which it reveals firs intellect and then soul. According to him, word is divine gift and beginning of manifestation of diversities. Diversities from Universal Intellect to heavens and mothers and births are infinite words that were written in creation book. In this article the function of   word and speech versus Intellect and Soul, Table and Pen, and Existence and Man is going to be investigated.   Manuscript profile

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7 - Haoma Plant and its role in Indo-Iranian liturgies and myths
Katayoun Mazdapour Saba Latifpour

Hom is a plant from which procures a juice and its widest usage is in the religious ceremonies. The plant is called Saoma in India, and was called Haoma in ancient Iran; the similarities of the names and usages of two plants, leads us to one Indo-Iranian root for both o More

Hom is a plant from which procures a juice and its widest usage is in the religious ceremonies. The plant is called Saoma in India, and was called Haoma in ancient Iran; the similarities of the names and usages of two plants, leads us to one Indo-Iranian root for both of them. Because of its importance and being numinous, many properties have been attributed to the plant, and even it has been personalized as a God. This plant and its juice were important elements in shaping the mentality of primitive Indo-European human beings. It should be noted that similar plant and beverage, which was procured from it, can be seen among primitive people, all around the world.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Study of the spiritual components of the goddess "Anahita" and “Cybele”
Reza Bayramzadeh Laleh Jahanbakhsh Sasan Najafi

The present paper studied the cultural functions of two important goddess of the ancient cultures of Iran and Anatolia, namely Anahita and Cybele, and reflected the components on artworks. The present research statistical population was the important goddesses of Iran a More

The present paper studied the cultural functions of two important goddess of the ancient cultures of Iran and Anatolia, namely Anahita and Cybele, and reflected the components on artworks. The present research statistical population was the important goddesses of Iran and the Minor Asia. The Sample of ancient Iran was Anahita and the goddess of the Minor Asia was Cybele. The method was descriptive and data was collected by the library and valid articles. By spiritual components classification of each goddess and how they were manifested in the artworks of ancient Persia and Asia Minor the following results were obtained: Goddess Anahita in addition to had a high rank among the gods of her time, was the goddess of fertility and fecundity, the water goddess, the goddess of love and goddess of war. Cybele was the goddess of fertility, mountain goddess, the goddess of wild animals and guardian goddess. Anahita personality was purifier. But the dominant element concerning Cybele could only be her limitless authority. All the symbols manifested her power. "Authority" was the central axis of Cybele; the goddess of the mountain, goddess of wild animals and cities gurdian. About the embodiment, Anahita was influenced by Cybele. Common point in how art reflected the components was “visual symbolism”. For example, in the Taq-e Bostan cameo and statues of Cybele in Ankara museum, to show the components of the fertility two symbols; water and pomegranate, were used. Difference points often arised from spiritual differences. In other words, in the case of Anahita, it was an attempt to reflect beauty and purity; in the case of Cybele, her authority was more important. Manuscript profile

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9 - The Woman’s Role in Iranian Ancient Literature and Myths
S. S. Sanjari

The ancient Persians always esteemed women as being equal to men in all aspects of life. Etymologically, the word “woman” in Persian language originated from the word (zan), which means “giving birth”. The word had different forms in various lang More

The ancient Persians always esteemed women as being equal to men in all aspects of life. Etymologically, the word “woman” in Persian language originated from the word (zan), which means “giving birth”. The word had different forms in various languages: (zan) and (nārīg) in Pahlavi, (wa/əδ) in Soghdi, (wadū) or (wad) in Old Persian, (Vantav) in Avestan, and (Vadhu) in Sanskrit. The importance and the high status attributed to women were manifested in titles given to women as well as in their determination to defend their reputation, family, and land. Such a feature was also portrayed in ancient mythological goddesses such as Anahita, Spadnarmaz, Dena, Chista, and many others. Further, women’s love, affection, and commitment, in one perspective, and evil deviations, in another, were reflected in characteristics of female demons (daeva) like Jahi, Bushyasta, and others. However, all these myths refer to the good-evil duality in women’s nature. Therefore, as Anahita – female divinity of water, fertility, and kingship – possesses good attributes and pursues positive goals, evil attributes, such as vindictiveness and spitefulness are depicted in ādā – another goddess. Manuscript profile

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10 - Mythical Feminine Concepts In The Poems Of Tahereh Saffarzadeh
نسرین Gobanchi عیسی Darabpour

Poem is one of the widest areas of myths presence and feminine symbols. In contemporary literature, Tahereh Saffarzadeh in her approach to freedom conceptualized the existence of woman to enrich her poems. She considered the woman as a symbol of fertility and nurturing More

Poem is one of the widest areas of myths presence and feminine symbols. In contemporary literature, Tahereh Saffarzadeh in her approach to freedom conceptualized the existence of woman to enrich her poems. She considered the woman as a symbol of fertility and nurturing human beings. For this reason, in most of her poems, mythical and god-like dimension has been attributed to woman. In this research, the concepts of woman creation, femininity, love, woman emotions and saffarzadeh's feministic language were investigated. Eternity and development of mythic existence of woman underneath of Gods like "greater mother" and "Anahita" have been represented. Moreover, womanish symbols of nature like earth, sun, moon and woman’s holiness issue (Instance mother) in the face of ideal mother and horrid mother were investigated. However the effect of mother goddess of the greater mother, Anahita, mother-earth and the archetype of good mother in Saffarzadeh's poems are more obvious than other mythic and womanish concepts. Manuscript profile

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11 - Theology and Its Systematic Uses in Mythical and Heroic Periods of Shahnameh- e- Ferdowsi
Ahmad Amini Kamran Pashaei Fakhri Khalil hadidi

In this article, through studying different concepts of ‘‘God’’ and its synonyms, in spite of its ambiguity, in Shahnameh, I have tried to find out the real thought of this dignified sage about Godliness; in other words, how has he seen or descri More

In this article, through studying different concepts of ‘‘God’’ and its synonyms, in spite of its ambiguity, in Shahnameh, I have tried to find out the real thought of this dignified sage about Godliness; in other words, how has he seen or described it? So, after considering the mythical and heroic poems of this great work, I discovered that he has been an enamoured worshipper of God. He believes that Godliness is the source of prosperity and safety and Godlessness causes adversity and pain. Divine magnificence and wisdom brings about honour and pride; and selfishness and ingratitude cause humiliation and affliction. He believes that human being has a God-seeking nature, so, ancient Iranians were never atheist. Thus, Ferdowsi was in search for a utopian society based on monotheism which he called spiritual being of man and he ignored otherwise. Manuscript profile

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12 - A comparative view of the mystery of wealth and happiness in Shahnameh and Haft Peykar
leyla ساعی naser naseri shahriyar hasanzadeh

n a comparative and analytical study of the happiness of the wealthy princes in Shahnameh and Haft Peykar, we find out how they use national mirrors and beliefs and archetypes and religious orders such as benevolence and charity day by day. They prospered and perpetuate More

n a comparative and analytical study of the happiness of the wealthy princes in Shahnameh and Haft Peykar, we find out how they use national mirrors and beliefs and archetypes and religious orders such as benevolence and charity day by day. They prospered and perpetuated their rule and increased their happiness and enjoyment of divine blessings by giving, giving, forgiving, and spreading the word to the general public, and by holding popular, national, and religious celebrations. The kings, who had a stable government and a prosperous life, praised their Lord in the mornings and evenings, and honored the wise, the clergy, and the astronomers, and consulted with them in carrying out and ending serious matters. The results of the research show that elements such as having a divine spirit and good looks of the rulers, having physical ability and bravery, greed, prayer, benevolence, using music, have been the factors of wealth and happiness of the Iranian princes. In some cases, Ferdowsi and in some issues, Nezami have taken a deeper look at them, and in the pages of this article, several examples have been studied. Manuscript profile

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13 - Analysis of Timurid legitimacy on the basis of Iranian political thoughts.
Zahra Alami zavare Fereydoon Allahyari

In political discourse, Legitimacy means peoples acceptance of and submission to the current government, a choice of knowledge and will. All political systems need legitimacy to prove on the one hand, that they have true and irreplaceable authority and on the other hand More

In political discourse, Legitimacy means peoples acceptance of and submission to the current government, a choice of knowledge and will. All political systems need legitimacy to prove on the one hand, that they have true and irreplaceable authority and on the other hand, lead the subordinates towards obedience. Each government considers variant elements as the basis of its legitimacy, depending on the social conditions, culture, ethics and history. What matters is distinguishing these elements from different situations. One way of legitimizing has been using Iranian political thoughts about the supremacy of government and the necessity to follow it. This is what Timurid have shrewdly observed. This article, after an introduction, tries to analyze Timurid legitimacy on the basis of Iranian thoughts and in the form of categories such as divine rights, divine approval and influences of the government polices of Iranian kings. The article uses a descriptive- analytical method on the basis of library information. Manuscript profile

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زهرا اعلامی زواره فریدون الهیاری

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15 - Society and governance in the era of Achaemenid (Discussion about the nature and power of the Achaemenid kings
M.R Golizadeh M.H Rahnema

Abstract: In this paper, according to the mechanisms, political structure, foundations and legitimacy of exercising power in traditional societies; specific and differentiated aspects of Achaemenid rule system of government than other traditional societies are discuss More

Abstract: In this paper, according to the mechanisms, political structure, foundations and legitimacy of exercising power in traditional societies; specific and differentiated aspects of Achaemenid rule system of government than other traditional societies are discussed. Also relying on the religious and territorial policies Achaemenid, is shown that founder of the Achaemenid kings, influenced by notions such as "Izadi splendor"(Farah-e Izadi) and “DAD” (justice) were   formed the Thought "Iranshahr". To avoid harm to collapse and cosmic order, sacred, and the uncontrolled exercise of power outside the above concepts are settled away. Resorting to attention and follow the concepts, norms and customs of society, distinct way the Achaemenid   rule was, with "Eastern dictatorship" and "tyranny" Iranian government "Motghlbh" (dominant). Manuscript profile

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16 - the development of Relation between Religion and Politics in Ancient Iran, the Case study of the Sassanid Era
dariush rahmati Anahita Motazed Rad Ali Fallah Nejad

the development of Relation between Religion and Politics in Ancient Iran, the Case study ofthe Sassanid EraAnahita, motazed''Ali, fallahnejad''Dariush, Rahmati'abstract:One of the & challengeable topics in Iran is the relation of religion and politics. From the eme More

the development of Relation between Religion and Politics in Ancient Iran, the Case study ofthe Sassanid EraAnahita, motazed''Ali, fallahnejad''Dariush, Rahmati'abstract:One of the & challengeable topics in Iran is the relation of religion and politics. From the emerging of the first government in Iran by Achaemenians dynasty, the function of religion was informal both in legalizing government or making national unity and forming political believes of nation as a part of culture. The procedure endured till the Sassanid era and forming religion in the formal structure of politics caused appearing the clergy class in government.The policy of government was, getting close to religion and it's relation to it. According to how to formalizing and concentrating the power of main issue formed this writing is based on beliefs. Challenges mainly such ideological and internal challenges and external challenges occurred on Sassanid empire including maintaining empire realm and uniting different nation's with their own especial religion and surrounding by powerful neighbor with their own especial culture all and all caused that religion went through the structure of the government. Keyword ": concentration of Power, po Manuscript profile

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17 - Investigating spatial and temporal changes in the quality of underground water sources in the Izadkhash basin
Maryam Ansari ایرج جباری

The increase in the world's population, the effects of climate change and lifestyle changes have put increasing pressure on water resources and have led to widespread water stress in many countries. An effective way to reduce and control the continuous degradation of gr More

The increase in the world's population, the effects of climate change and lifestyle changes have put increasing pressure on water resources and have led to widespread water stress in many countries. An effective way to reduce and control the continuous degradation of groundwater quality is to understand spatial and temporal changes and identify the main sources of pollution. In this research, using the geostatistical method, temporal and spatial changes in the underground water resources of Izadkhasht basin were investigated in a period of 11 years, considering the factors of water quality change. In this regard, different interpolation methods were compared, and the kriging method with exponential variogram showed better results for water quality parameters. The results of these analyzes showed that the most important factors in the salinity of water and soil resources in the region are destructive formations in the basin. So that in the quality maps of water resources, all parameters showed an increase in three points. Manuscript profile

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18 - Fish Woman in Ilam Civilization
Khadije Naghipourfar Naser Jadidi

Water has always played an important and decisive role in the formation of the human civilizations, including the Elamite civilization. Since the early human had defined god symbols for every phenomenon important to him, he also defined the gods of water in all civiliza More

Water has always played an important and decisive role in the formation of the human civilizations, including the Elamite civilization. Since the early human had defined god symbols for every phenomenon important to him, he also defined the gods of water in all civilizations. It is also known that in the Elamite civilization, since its earliest civilization, water gods and their creatures have always had a special place, including creatures. Those who were associated with the gods of water and the creatures of the gods Ea/Enki waters' deities have been seen among the Elamite motifs and works since ancient Elam. Of course, given the limited resources available to Elamite civilization, as well as the interplay between the two Elamite and Mesopotamian civilizations, and the greater diversity of interpersonal resources, the role, and status of fish-women should be examined in light of their background in Mesopotamian civilization. This is not, of course, due to the complete conformity of these concepts in these two civilizations, but, due to the lack of Elamite resources in this respect, the closest concepts to Elamite concepts can be found among the sources available among the interpersonal concepts. This article is based on the library study method on the existing evidence and it seeks to study the role of the fish-women in the Elam civilization. Manuscript profile

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19 - بررسی نامهای ایرانی با ترکیب دینی در دوره ایران باستان
علی عزیزیان

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20 - The analysis of the Character of Fairy in local Folk-tales of Fars (case studies of cubs snake, daughter of the moon and stars and orange and bergamot girl)
atefeh amiri farshid sadat sharifi

Fairy Tales are the stories in which strange events happen. In this tales, the protagonist is usually a poor beautiful good girl who obtained some features due to her well-established character during the ongoing story, and at last, she married the prince.  The sto More

Fairy Tales are the stories in which strange events happen. In this tales, the protagonist is usually a poor beautiful good girl who obtained some features due to her well-established character during the ongoing story, and at last, she married the prince.  The stories narrated in the course of centuries orally and today contemporary researchers and scholars gathered those folk literature for analysis to researchers. This paper presents three stories with a common theme of Fairy Tales in the Fars region. Girls in these stories are the protagonists in fairy status. They accepted some features of fairy characters and pretended them in the stories. In the second level, these characters are the goddesses of fertility in the ancient agriculture community. This article aims to reach a common pattern among the three stories. These three stories have common themes due to being of Fars Province. It seems that the goddesses of fertility in the ancient time were manifested in the tales symbolically.  Manuscript profile

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21 - The role and comparison of four holy beings in four religions (Islam, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Judaism) (Emphasizing the role and position of the number four)
Hasan Atash Ab parvar mohamadkarim yousefjamali Esmaeil sangari shokouhalsadat Arabihashemi

The four holy beings are among the oldest religious beliefs formed among peoples and nations, in fact, these are the first forces that come from the Almighty. In all religions and since ancient times, they respected and valued these forces and created different symbols More

The four holy beings are among the oldest religious beliefs formed among peoples and nations, in fact, these are the first forces that come from the Almighty. In all religions and since ancient times, they respected and valued these forces and created different symbols for the four holy ones. Also, people of different cultures gave them different names such as Angel, God, Messenger and goddess. Belief in these angels is considered one of the important topics of divine religions. The position, role and characteristics of angels can express the type of vision and worldview of the beliefs and followers of many religions. This research with a descriptive, analytical method and with a theoretical and documentary approach aims to deal with the attributes and characteristics of these four creatures in addition to their roles and duties. And have a look around the concepts and use of the number four. The results of the research indicate that due to the centrality of belief in God in the religions of Islam, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Judaism, the four holy beings have a lot in common in some features. Manuscript profile

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Myth is a reaction to man's inability to cope with his/her infirmities and weaknesses. Mythical elements and characters are rooted in realities that change over time; as cultures are intertwined, myths blend together and new myths are created. Sometimes myths appear wit More

Myth is a reaction to man's inability to cope with his/her infirmities and weaknesses. Mythical elements and characters are rooted in realities that change over time; as cultures are intertwined, myths blend together and new myths are created. Sometimes myths appear with different names but identical functions in different areas. The present study is an analytical-comparative one based on library data; its aim is to show the similarity of the functions of Iranian and Greek myths. Accordingly, they are compared, their common points are shown and the theory of the uniformity of the thoughts of all human beings in the early millenniums are examined. Since myth is the product of human thinking and derived from human nature, there are obviously similarities between the myths of different nations. These nations refer to same phenomena with different names, and the differences between myths can be attributed to the social conditions of each nation. Manuscript profile

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23 - The Transformation of Lord Vayu into Kai Kāvus; From Myth to Epic
Aghdas Fātehi Hasan Shahryāriee

Understanding the mythological background of epic characters helps us to analyze their functions in literary texts. Studying the functions of Vayu and the existence of some similarities between this lord and Kai Kāvus provides a comparative investigation of these two my More

Understanding the mythological background of epic characters helps us to analyze their functions in literary texts. Studying the functions of Vayu and the existence of some similarities between this lord and Kai Kāvus provides a comparative investigation of these two mythological characters. Kai Kāvus, as described in Shāhnāmeh, is one of Iran's greatest epic kings and has a mythological background. Vayu is the god of wind and air that rules the empty space between heaven and earth. The present study, by using descriptive-analytical method, has found the similarities between the two characters. They are as follows: having ambitious personality, having divine light, having magic-medicine power, being warlike, being messenger of death, having a windy nature and being the father of first man. Although there are slight differences, the similarities between the two mythological characters make us think that the Kai Kāvus is a transformed and human form of Vayu. The purpose of this research is to present Kai Kāvus' godly background, his epic behavior and his multi-dimensional character in Shāhnāmeh. Manuscript profile

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24 - The Reflection of Mithraic Beliefs on Lori Legends
Sodābeh Keshāvarzi Zarrintāj Vāredi

Mithraism, as one of the oldest religions in the world, dates back to the pre-Zoroastrian era. Mithra is god of covenant and light; he is opposed to chaos, drought, disobedience and lie, and is known as a warrior. Due to the specific characteristics of this god, Mithrai More

Mithraism, as one of the oldest religions in the world, dates back to the pre-Zoroastrian era. Mithra is god of covenant and light; he is opposed to chaos, drought, disobedience and lie, and is known as a warrior. Due to the specific characteristics of this god, Mithraism spread in many parts of Iran. Surviving legends in some parts of Iran have mythological themes and are rooted in some religious beliefs. In the present research, by using descriptive-analytical method, the influence of Mithraic beliefs on Lori legends is examined. We study the legends that have been written in Persian language and have been collected from Lorestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The reader will realize that some of the mythological and religious beliefs of Mithraism, while maintaining their functionality, and some others through transformations, have taken root in Lori legends. Some of these beliefs are as follows: how to be born, warfare, fertility, and phenomena related to sun, cock, crow, eagle, soldier, fire, number seven and cow. Manuscript profile

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25 - Druj in the Religion of Mazdayasna and Pre-Aryan Myths: A Structural Analysis
Hojatollā Esmāeilniā Ghanji Hasan Shāmyān Mohammad Ali Noori Khoshroodbāri

In the eyes of pre-Islamic Iranians, lie or druj was so disgusting and ugly that the demon of Druj was considered an assistant to the devil and sometimes it was imagined as Ahriman himself.  The present article tries to study the root of the word “druj” More

In the eyes of pre-Islamic Iranians, lie or druj was so disgusting and ugly that the demon of Druj was considered an assistant to the devil and sometimes it was imagined as Ahriman himself.  The present article tries to study the root of the word “druj” in the Avestan language by using descriptive-analytical method. By delving into the lexical structure on the one hand, and exploring comparative concepts on the other hand, it is attempted to give a different perspective on the subject. From this perspective and with regard to the discursive discontinuities, druj as a demonic concept is compared to the goddesses of the pre-Aryan period, and by reflecting on the functions of the ancient goddesses, such as Mitra, Anahita, etc., it is tried to describe the semantic and linguistic changes of the term. The main emphasis in this study is on the feminine identity of the concept. According to the characteristics of the ancient goddesses and of a female-dominated society, the feminine aspect of druj is inferred. The studies show that some of the female archetypes in the religion of Mazdayasna have changed their nature. The archetypes that were in opposition to this religion, manifested in the form of demonic beings and druj is one of these beings.   Manuscript profile

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26 - The Role of Woman in Narratives of the Story of Chelgis: A Study Based on Mythological Themes
Sakine Morādi Mohammadhosain karami

The story of Chelgis is one of the most famous and well-known stories in folk literature. In the various narratives of the story, there are common elements such as the description of the character of Chelgis with repetitive characteristics, the theme of the hero's battl More

The story of Chelgis is one of the most famous and well-known stories in folk literature. In the various narratives of the story, there are common elements such as the description of the character of Chelgis with repetitive characteristics, the theme of the hero's battle with the dragon, and the waterless and famine-stricken lands that give a symbolic and mythological aspect to the story. Using analytical-descriptive method, the purpose of this study is to identify the role and position of women in society in various narratives of the story of Chelgis mentioned in Iranian Legends and Fairy Tales Encyclopedia according to the mythic deep-structure of the story. Considering the history of matriarchy and worship of goddesses in Iran, the results of the research show that the character of Chelgis can be an embodiment of the goddess Anahita, the goddess of water, in Iranian beliefs and myths. Also, the companionship of mythological themes related to the actions of the main male and female characters in the continuous structure of the story indicates the emphasis on male actions and power, the delegation of female tasks to men, the passivity of female characters and the fixation of women's role as obedient spouses. On this basis, the story of Chelgis depicts the decline of matriarchal beliefs and the formation of patriarchal societies.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Fire in Iranian and Vietnamese Mythology: A Comparative Study
Elhām Rastād Nāsser Nikoubakht phuong Vo Ti Thanh

 Fire is one of the most important and mysterious elements of the universe, and it can be said that the human civilization began with its discovery. The myths from different ethnic groups show how man discovered fire and what its significance and status was. The im More

 Fire is one of the most important and mysterious elements of the universe, and it can be said that the human civilization began with its discovery. The myths from different ethnic groups show how man discovered fire and what its significance and status was. The important place of fire in the myths of Iran and Vietnam and the similarity of some rituals of the two countries in which fire is sanctified and worshiped, show that there are common cultural aspects between the two nations. The purpose of this study is to better understand the myths of Iran and Vietnam, especially the myths related to fire. Using the descriptive-comparative method, in the present article, an attempt has been made to study some myths of the two countries and the narratives related to the element of fire. According to the classification of myths related to gods and rituals and the discovery of fire, the results of the study show cultural similarities between the two countries, as Fire Dancing Festival in Vietnam is similar to the Chaharshanbe Suri and the Azargan festival in Iran. Also, in the myths of the two countries, fire symbolizes victory over the enemy and hell symbolizes the punishment of sinners. The difference between the mythological narratives of Iran and Vietnam is more about the gods and how to discover fire.    Manuscript profile

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28 - Gnostic Elements in the Mystical System of Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
Ebrahim Ranjbar Babak Savdagar

10.30495/mmlq.2021.686114

According to the followers of Gnosticism, this school refers to the ideas and methods that are needed to achieve the most certain and supreme kind of knowledge, and consequently, to acquire true happiness and purification of the soul through intuition and illumination. More

According to the followers of Gnosticism, this school refers to the ideas and methods that are needed to achieve the most certain and supreme kind of knowledge, and consequently, to acquire true happiness and purification of the soul through intuition and illumination. The school has been popular among many ethnic groups since ancient times and has influenced Islamic-Iranian mysticism over the centuries. Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani is also influenced by the teachings of Gnosticism. Using the analytical - comparative method, the present article first states the characteristics of the Gnostic school and then compare them with the views of Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani. The purpose is to explain and illustrate the common points of Gnostic beliefs and his mystical principles. The common points are as follows: belief in the duality of light-darkness, trust in intuitive knowledge instead of acquired knowledge, believing that the being is a mystery, belief in esotericism, emphasis on self-knowledge to achieve true knowledge, belief in the originality of the spiritual world as opposed to the physical world and finally belief in Homo Deus or “perfect man”. Manuscript profile

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29 - The Role of Supernatural Forces in the Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār
Hosain Mirza Niknam

10.30495/mmlq.2022.1943283.2908

On the first day of the battle, Esfandiyār overcomes Rustam with the power of invulnerability, a divine power, and not by use of muscle. This is a blessing given by Ahura Mazda, the strongest god of Zoroastrianism. Rustam has to ask the gods and smaller supernatural for More

On the first day of the battle, Esfandiyār overcomes Rustam with the power of invulnerability, a divine power, and not by use of muscle. This is a blessing given by Ahura Mazda, the strongest god of Zoroastrianism. Rustam has to ask the gods and smaller supernatural forces to help him to overcome Esfandiyār's invulnerability. In Shāhnāmeh, there are numerous signs of the widespread presence of supernatural forces, including gods, demon, fairy, and Rustam calls them to overcome Esfandiyār. The present article attempts to analyze textual and inter-textual evidences of the role of supernatural forces and Rostam's help from them. The results show that a group of supernatural forces came to Rostam's aid in the last battle, and this caused a balance in the supernatural forces on both sides and led to Rostam's victory over Esfandiyār. The research is a qualitative one based on text analysis. Manuscript profile

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30 - The Role of Ashī in Ancient Iran
نغمه حسینی

    Ashī is a pre-Zoroastrian divinity. In the Gathas, it is still an abstract concept and not yet a divinity, and implies both material and spiritual recompense. In the younger Avesta, Ashī appears as the goddess of fertility; in the Middle Persian, it is a More

    Ashī is a pre-Zoroastrian divinity. In the Gathas, it is still an abstract concept and not yet a divinity, and implies both material and spiritual recompense. In the younger Avesta, Ashī appears as the goddess of fertility; in the Middle Persian, it is also referred to as a&scaron;i/arti, (A&scaron;i vaηuhī, nominative A&scaron;i&scaron; vaηuhī "Good Reward"). The present article tries to study the role of Ashī in ancient Iran.     Manuscript profile

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31 - "Myth of Trial by Ordeal" and Fire in Shāhnāmeh
Naqmeh Dādvar

During several centuries, what has remained of the fasinating ritual of "trial by ordeal" is swearing. Trial by ordeal was a common ritual among the nations and religions, and was considered a judicium Dei and the ultimate test to distinguish innocencent from guilty. So More

During several centuries, what has remained of the fasinating ritual of "trial by ordeal" is swearing. Trial by ordeal was a common ritual among the nations and religions, and was considered a judicium Dei and the ultimate test to distinguish innocencent from guilty. Some instances of it have been cited in Vis and Rāmin, Masnavi, Salāmān va Absal, Makhzan al-Asrār, History of Yaqoubi, Haft Eqlim, Āsār al Belād va Akhbār al Ebād, Tadhkirat-ul-Awliyā, Avesta, Torah, Pahlavi texts and code of Hammurabi inscription. "Passing of Siyāvash through the fire" is the most familiar example of trial by ordeal in the collective memory of Iranians. The reasons why the "myth of trial by ordeal" in Shāhnāmeh is an outstanding example, is the main subject of the present article. So, at first, the significance of fire among the ancient nations and religions is considered. Then, after citing some tests of "passing through the fire" in historical, religious and literary texts, the myth of "passing of Siyāvash through the fire" as the most impressive and lasting instance is introduced. Manuscript profile

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32 - An Analytic Mythological study of The Archetype of Matriarchy and the Functions of Anahita and Sepandarmaz
Rezā Sattārī Soghol khosravi

Native people of Iran, before Aryans, had a matriarchal culture. They used to worship the Great Goddesses. After inhabiting in Iran, Aryans adopted the belief in goddesses. After the advent of Zoroastrianism, belief in goddesses were rejected, but latter this belief rea More

Native people of Iran, before Aryans, had a matriarchal culture. They used to worship the Great Goddesses. After inhabiting in Iran, Aryans adopted the belief in goddesses. After the advent of Zoroastrianism, belief in goddesses were rejected, but latter this belief reappeared once again in Mazdaism. After studying matriarchy in ancient Iran, in this article we try to study functions of two important and famous goddesses, Anahita and Sepandarmaz, in ancient culture of Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Manifestations of Animus Archetype in Persian Literature
Shokrollāh Pourolkhās Jafar Eshqī

From the biological point of view, all human beings possess both male and female traits. Yet, it is the social norms that define gender differences, emphasizing femininity and masculinity. As a result, every individual strengthens the characteristics of their normal gen More

From the biological point of view, all human beings possess both male and female traits. Yet, it is the social norms that define gender differences, emphasizing femininity and masculinity. As a result, every individual strengthens the characteristics of their normal gender whereas the aspects of the other gender lose prominence and fade away. However, anima, i.e. the feminine inner personality, and animus, i.e. the masculine inner personality, tend to appear in dreams, imaginations, myths, literature and the like. In the present article, two manifestations of animus, i.e. ‘the beloved man (the ideal man)’ and ‘the inner companion’ in Persian literature and culture are studied. Using an analytic and descriptive method, it will be shown that one of the manifestations of animus in the unconscious of Iranian woman is rooted in a prototype; it most probably is Mithra.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - بررسی آیین‌های اساطیری «داوری ایزدی» در ایران باستان
سعید زاویه آمنه مافی تبار

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Open Access Article

35 - زن در اندیشه و زندگی مولانا
فاطمه مدرسی مهرویه رضیی

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36 - مقایسه‌ ایزدان آب در اسطوره‌های ایران و ویتنام
ناصر نیکوبخت سعید بزرگ بیگدلی فونگ ووتیتامه

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37 - Mithraism and Yazidism: A Comparative Study
مصطفی دماوندی سامان رحمان زاده

Yazidism is an ethnic religion in Kurdistan of Iraq which is influenced by other religions especially Mithraism. The main question of present article is on what parts Mithraism has left impression of Yazidism. Based on the predictive method and researches of scholars, t More

Yazidism is an ethnic religion in Kurdistan of Iraq which is influenced by other religions especially Mithraism. The main question of present article is on what parts Mithraism has left impression of Yazidism. Based on the predictive method and researches of scholars, the similarities of two religions are discussed, and yet it seems necessary to investigate more about their history and geographical distributions. Close scrutiny shows more similarities in their rites (prayer, fasting and pilgrimage), beliefs (mysticism, seven hierarchies of mystic journey, trinity of gods and the role of the Satan), myths (the birth of Mithra and Yazid-ibn-Mosafer, totems like rooster, cow, snake, dog and scorpion) and ceremonies (Mehrgan festival, the birth of Mithra, Feast of the Assembly).            Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Myth and Psychology of Women: Negative Approach of Heroines and Goddesses
nasrin saeidi narges mohamadi badr

Myth, as subjective truth of the primal man, is reflective of his/her ideals and desires and has shown itself in different forms up till now. Myths have an idealistic aspect which makes the hero appear not as a normal but as a powerful entity and god. Every woman has an More

Myth, as subjective truth of the primal man, is reflective of his/her ideals and desires and has shown itself in different forms up till now. Myths have an idealistic aspect which makes the hero appear not as a normal but as a powerful entity and god. Every woman has an archetype of a goddess in her inside that guides her morality and character, which is the symbol of her ideals. By employing descriptive-analytical and library methods and considering the myths of matriarchy, the present article tries to show the archetypes that are effective on the behavior of heroines.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - The Role of Goddesses in the Intellectual- Spiritual world of Ancient Iranian: a Mythological Approach
S.Āmeneh Mir Khoshkhoo Abdolrahmān Ālem

Goddesses, among other deities, are impressive and meaningful in the life of ancient people. They have drawn attention in the most ancient civilizations, such as Greece and Mesopotamia, and especially they have been connected to the thoughts of ancient Iranians. So, und More

Goddesses, among other deities, are impressive and meaningful in the life of ancient people. They have drawn attention in the most ancient civilizations, such as Greece and Mesopotamia, and especially they have been connected to the thoughts of ancient Iranians. So, understanding the ancient spiritual world in the epics will be deficient, if we don’t pay due attention to femininity of the goddesses. The authors of the present article try to study the role of woman in the myth of creation and myths of feminine divines based on historical and mythical resources. This point is made with regard to the age of matriarchy and worshiping of the female gods, the role of women in the myth of creation and divine feminine myths. It seems that from historical and ethnological point of views the worshiping goddesses occurs in the same age as matriarchy and centrality of communities based on women-mothers.The chronological precedence of matriarchy over patriarchy and the coincidence of worshiping goddesses and age of matriarchy show that impressive gods were female, but because of social changes in the passage of time the power of women-mothers have eroded and transformed to men-fathers and as a result the importance of the goddesses were lost. Manuscript profile

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40 - Izad Bahram from Religious Narrative to National Epic ( The Case study of the Avesta and the Shahnameh )
Ziba Esmaili

Abstract          zad Bahram, a great and powerful Izad in Mazd Yasna is the ancient and most loved Izad among the Arians who is manifested in ten bodies in the Avesta. Although it has profound presence in religious narratives an More

Abstract          zad Bahram, a great and powerful Izad in Mazd Yasna is the ancient and most loved Izad among the Arians who is manifested in ten bodies in the Avesta. Although it has profound presence in religious narratives and public acceptance among people, it doesn't have sensible appearance in national epics. It has been tried, in this article – in a descriptive-analytic method, to deal with the matter how Izad Bahram appears in religious narratives ( based on the Avesta ) and national narratives ( based on the Ferdowsi epics ) . The results of the survey show that Izad Bahram manifests itself in the body of an ewe and the bird of varghan. Because of the mixture of varghan and the Simorgh myth in the Shahnameh, the latter replaces the former in that book. The specific characteristics of the varghan feather in which Izad Bahram has reincarnated, is its blessedness and wonderful power in healing the wounds, prognostigation of being aware of the secrets of creation in relation to Izadi stance. Manuscript profile

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41 - The identity-making element of Iran's idealistic kings in Suhrawardi's political thought
Mir Jamal Al- Din Taghavi Moghadam Mohammad Agah Mohamadkazem Kavehpishghadam

10.30495/psq.2024.1989492.2210

In Suhrewardi's time, the crisis of legitimacy and the central power vacuum led him to pay special attention to the role and prestige of Iranian shahryars in realizing the identity and position of the monarchy. This position embodies the link between religion and shahry More

In Suhrewardi's time, the crisis of legitimacy and the central power vacuum led him to pay special attention to the role and prestige of Iranian shahryars in realizing the identity and position of the monarchy. This position embodies the link between religion and shahryari. Suhrewardi talks about three ideal shahryars of ancient Iran in his works and considers them as examples of wise rulers who can serve as a suitable model for other rulers. The task of this research is to answer the question of what special characteristics Iranian shahryars had that made them a desirable model for other rulers in Suhrewardi's political thought. Therefore, this research seeks to answer this question by examining the role and prestige of shahryars in Suhrewardi's thought on ancient Iran and his narrative about them. The research hypothesis can be formulated as follows: the divine legitimacy and ta'alluh (attachment to God) of these shahryars were the main pillars and distinguishing features of the desired model of wise rulers according to Suhrewardi, which attracted his attention. This divine legitimacy and ta'alluh manifested itself as a divine emanation. Manuscript profile

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42 - Indigenous and Mythological Elements in the Performative Narrative of the Story of Rustam and Esfandiar
azim jabbareh naserou

The tale of Rostam and Esfandyar is one of the most fascinating stories in Shahnameh which has had wide reflection among the populace.  Ever since its creation this tragedy has been very popular in different regions of Iran and has undergone changes and been distor More

The tale of Rostam and Esfandyar is one of the most fascinating stories in Shahnameh which has had wide reflection among the populace.  Ever since its creation this tragedy has been very popular in different regions of Iran and has undergone changes and been distorted at times.  The ancient region of Kouhmareh Sorkhi is one region where this tale is very popular since antiquity.  Like most other narratives this tale is not remembered by the people of this locality and only is told by the eldest and the most renowned naqqal of this area, Ali Hossein Allinejad , the last of the naqqals and narrators of the region.  The naqqali narrative of this tale in this area is an amalgam of epic, popular and mythological beliefs of the natives of the region.  The studies made by the writer of this article on the present epic narratives in the area and specifically the recent narrative shows that narrators and naqqals have tried to make these narratives more acceptable among the community by incorporating mythological ethnic elements and beliefs among people and thus preserve them in memories.  This inspection not only shows part of mythological beliefs of this community but also records narratives not previously studied nor recorded in references.  The findings of this research are presented under the following sections: 1-       Birth of Esfandyar   2- Fertility myth   3- Martyred gods   4- belief in genies   Manuscript profile

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43 - Jam and Sun or cup of Jam in poetry of Khwaju and Hafez
jamileh azamian Amir Hossein Mahoozi Mahmoud Tavoosi

Abstract In this qualitative-quantitative research first the deep structure of the old motif of Jamshid’s myth that is Jam and sun and the account of the new motif namely cup of Jam is described and analyzed.  Then, the extent and the manner of employing the More

Abstract In this qualitative-quantitative research first the deep structure of the old motif of Jamshid’s myth that is Jam and sun and the account of the new motif namely cup of Jam is described and analyzed.  Then, the extent and the manner of employing these motifs by Khwaju and Hafex is studied.  Apart from using the old motif of Jam and sun in Gowharnameh and Gol o Nowruz Khwaju had selected the new motif of cup of Jam in Rowzat-al-anwar, Kamal-Nameh, and Homay o Homayun depending on his intensions whereas Hafez had far more utilized cup of Jam in his Divan.  Although Khwaju uses both old and new motifs of Jamshid’s myth in his poems, yet in average the recurrence of cup of Jam in his works are more frequent.  The equivalence of Jam and sun in Gol o Nowruz and Gowharnameh indicates the relationship and the unity of the two in his poetry.  If the God of Sun, Mehr in these equations substitutes the word sun, a new equation of Jam and Mehr is produced and this concept probably demonstrates how our ancestors worshiping Mehr had employed the old motifs of Jam’s myth according to the subject matter and the feasibility of this new equation attest to the flexibility and accordance inherent in myths. Manuscript profile

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44 - The role of power and heredity in choosing an heir to throne in Shahnameh
esmail Khirabadi Sepideh Sepehri Mandana Hashemi

From Iranians’ perspective Shahnameh is a book of politics and the manner of ruling a country and via portraying the destiny of heroes and kings in fact gives a lesson to dictators and world worshippers informing them of punishments and consequences of their sins More

From Iranians’ perspective Shahnameh is a book of politics and the manner of ruling a country and via portraying the destiny of heroes and kings in fact gives a lesson to dictators and world worshippers informing them of punishments and consequences of their sins and oppressions imposed.  The purpose of this article is to study from different angles how states are formed.  Aspects such as Divine Farr, Royal Farr (heredity , blood relationship in royal generation),  power and having social status as important factors in forming sovereignties.  For this purpose the conflict of power and heredity is studied in more than fifty kings.  The main pillar of sovereignty in Shahmameh is power and varieties of its manifestations.  In other words, Shahnameh is the struggle of powers that is the battle of justice against injustice. According to the beliefs of certain communities in Shahnameh women whether in a position of a reign or as a queen are transmitters of heredity and agents who transfer royal blood and power in the infrastructure of the sovereignty.  Traces of the ancient tradition of matriarchy can be seen and in this regard women mostly appear in the role of a mother, a daughter or a sister as the agents who transmit heredity example being the marriage of Zahak with Jamshid’s sisters, the tale of Siavash, and the tale of King of Yemen, Sarv who refused to let his daughters marry Feraydun’s sons.  The writers of this article employed a comparative analytic method to study and compare different reigns and to deal with the conflict of power and heredity as one of pillars of their sovereignty. Manuscript profile

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45 - The study of the myth of vegetation god / martyr god in tale of king’s son
azim jabbareh naserou

Vegetation gods and mythologies connected with them are regarded as part of the mythologies of the following nations Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and Iran.  Dumuzi or Tammuz, Attis, Adonis, Dionysus, Osiris, Baal, Persephone, and Baldar are among the most sig More

Vegetation gods and mythologies connected with them are regarded as part of the mythologies of the following nations Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and Iran.  Dumuzi or Tammuz, Attis, Adonis, Dionysus, Osiris, Baal, Persephone, and Baldar are among the most significant vegetation gods in mythologies of nations.  In Persian mythology also Siavash is regarded as a vegetation god whose adventures cover a significant part of Shahnameh.  The writer of this article in his field investigation comes across a folk narrative whose main theme is the tale of vegetation god who appears as a King’s son.  This folk narrative is told by Ali Hossein Aalinezhad one of the eldest narrators in the Fars region of Kouhmareh Sorkhi, although his name is not seen in any written sources.  The studies conducted show that this narrative is a mingle of religious, epic, and mythological narratives.  Parts of this narrative in particular the opening of the tale is the repetition of the epic narrative of Siavash and Sudabeh in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh.  Some sections are reminiscent of the tale or Prophet Yousuf and Zulaikha and certain other parts bring to mind other vegetation gods in the world mythologies.  It seems that this narrative had been popular among people in the region and in time upon change and transitions in religion and belief of the people had undergone transformations.  The comparative study of this narrative with other vegetation god narratives shows at least 14 common grounds exist between them.  The study of mourning rites regarding vegetation god in the region show that the commemoration ceremonies of this god was carried out by offering sacrifice every year before the rice plantation.. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Genealogy of Vayu
Shervin Vakili

The present article deals with the description and the etymology of Vay (Vayu), one of the antique gods of ancient Persia and the Indo-Iranian era.  Having presented certain evidence regarding the image of this god in different Persian and Indian texts such as Veda More

The present article deals with the description and the etymology of Vay (Vayu), one of the antique gods of ancient Persia and the Indo-Iranian era.  Having presented certain evidence regarding the image of this god in different Persian and Indian texts such as Vedas and Gathas, this article aims at discussing its connection with certain other gods.  The commemoration of the wind god, Vayu in the mythologies of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Kaldani, and the Aramaic (Persian, Arami) people is the subject matter of another part of this article.  Finally, the role of the wind god in the texts and the interpretations of the Islamic era is traced by the writer of this article, thus the last part is concerned with the development of this ancient god in the periods after Islam. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

47 - Good and Evil in Mazdiyasnian's creed
Rafat Hajizadeh

Aryanians believe in good and evil since a long time ago. Evil versus godly. Aryanians attribute rain, brightness etc ... to goodness and godly and darkness, drought and such, to the evils. Therefore good spirits which protect brightne'>S, heat and life have alway More

Aryanians believe in good and evil since a long time ago. Evil versus godly. Aryanians attribute rain, brightness etc ... to goodness and godly and darkness, drought and such, to the evils. Therefore good spirits which protect brightne'>S, heat and life have always been in challenge with bad spirits like darkness and drought. Their battles take place between the earth and the sky. the belief of "Dualism" has been existed amongst the Iranians and Indian- Iranian Aryanians for long before Zaratousht. But Zaratousht had a unique approach in citing his theories. His doualism theory has monotheism basis behind it. However good and evil are not different individuals both have been created by Auramazda Manuscript profile

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48 - The evidences for the prominence of the Goddess Anahita during the reign of Artaxerxes II(358-405 B.C)
Atousa Ahmadi

This article strives to explain the factors leading to the prominence of the Goddess Anahita in that particular epoque based on the evidence found in the inscriptions in the Achaemanid era, and Aban Yasht in Avesta. Also reference is made to the writings of Greek histor More

This article strives to explain the factors leading to the prominence of the Goddess Anahita in that particular epoque based on the evidence found in the inscriptions in the Achaemanid era, and Aban Yasht in Avesta. Also reference is made to the writings of Greek historians to justify the significance of the Goddess Anahita, at the time of the drought, happening probably during the reign of Artaxerxes II.  The climate of Iran’s plateau is also taken into consideration. Manuscript profile

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