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  1 - Millenarianism in Ancient Iranian Religions and Ikhwān al-Safā’s Theory of Prophetic Cycles: A Comparative Study
  رضا فرحقیقی انشاءالله رحمتی
  Zoroasterianisam, Zurvanism and Mithraism have been combined withastrological beliefs in such a way that it is nearly impossible to graspthese schools and religions without having knowledge aboutastrological beliefs. Ikhwān al-Safā, a mystical and esoteric associationin More

  Zoroasterianisam, Zurvanism and Mithraism have been combined withastrological beliefs in such a way that it is nearly impossible to graspthese schools and religions without having knowledge aboutastrological beliefs. Ikhwān al-Safā, a mystical and esoteric associationin tenth century in Basra and Baghdad, wrote 52 epistles full of religioastrologicalbeliefs and thoughts. For example their theory of PropheticCycles was developed to explain the cosmic cycles and the sacredhistory. Observing similarities between ancient Iranian religions andIkhwān al-Safā and after surveying the religio-astrological elements ofIranian millenarianism (especially that of Zoroasterianism andZurvanism) and Ikhwān al-Safā’s Prophetic Cycles, we decieded tocompare these two religious traditions. In the present research, by usingscientific and historical references, we have tried to recognize andanalyze the common roots of these beliefs and thoughts in the bothtraditions. The most significant achievement of this research ispresenting a new method for comparison between the ancient Iranianconcept of ontological levels and Ikhwān al-Safā’s concept of celestialsouls. Moreover, by surveying the role of the archetypes of infiniteTime and eternal Place in the immaterial and material world, we couldmake a comparison between Yazatas and Ameshaspentas of ancientIranian religions and Ikhwān al-Safā’s consepts of Universal Reason,Universal Soul and Celestial Souls. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Mokhtar's and Claims Prophecy , accusation or reality
  mohammad ali mohammadi
  Mukhtar ibn abi ubaydah saghafi was one of the celebrities.He ،was an early Islamic revolutionary based in Kufa, Iraq who led an abortive rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphs in vengeance for the death of Emam Husayn ibn 'Ali at the Battle of KarbalaThere is different More

  Mukhtar ibn abi ubaydah saghafi was one of the celebrities.He ،was an early Islamic revolutionary based in Kufa, Iraq who led an abortive rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphs in vengeance for the death of Emam Husayn ibn 'Ali at the Battle of KarbalaThere is different topics about him . Some of the great historians said he waz claims prophecy .The issue of research Is: "Mukhtar's claim of prophethood"In this article these reports can be criticized . In this article research methodology Is : "Analytical and critical."The hypothesis here is that: reports claim of prophethood mokhtar Is false. He was not claimed to be a prophetHe did not provide false quran. He was a good muslim but he slandered. Because he fought with: umayyad and with: Ale-ZubairWe at this article first, read biography, and then we review reports about claim of prophethood Mokhtar's at hand. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Investigation of Urban Park Spaces Based on the Abilities of the Physically Disabled (Case study: Nabovat Park, Karaj)
  alimohammad mirzaee zeynab kakeabadi
  10.30495/uf.2021.1935545.1008
  One the necessity for the growth and development of communities is the creation of suitable spatial and physical contexts for the use of public services and facilities by all sections of society. The physically disabled people are part of the community and like healthy More

  One the necessity for the growth and development of communities is the creation of suitable spatial and physical contexts for the use of public services and facilities by all sections of society. The physically disabled people are part of the community and like healthy people need access to and use of public facilities and services such as passing through the city and using parks. So to use the mentioned cases and to create a better possibility for the presence of the disables, especially in developed countries, very beautiful and appropriate designs have been made. However, the existence of some obstacles, especially in the way of design, architecture and urban planning, many urban spaces, especially public thoroughfares, parks and green spaces have lacked the necessary conditions to meet the access needs of people with disabilities. Being a part of society, disabled people like other citizens need access and optimal use of public facilities and services. So in this study، with the aim of gaining the satisfaction of this special group of citizens, as the target community, the current status of Karaj Nabovat Park as the scope of research have been explored. Due to the importance of the issue, recreation centers, especially parks, green spaces and urban gardens, should be designed and constructed in such a way that the physically disabled can be able to use such places. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research data have been collected by the method of library studies, field research and present articles. The results of the research analysis indicate the existence of problems in the special services for the disabled and their traffic. Field studies in this study show that Nabovat Park has the necessary potential to become a suitable recreational space for the disabled people due to its size, age and special location. Therefore, suggestions to achieve this goal are also presented in this article. Manuscript profile
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  5 - Standing in Najd: The Ghataf§nÊ Tribes' Relations with The Prophet (PBUH)
  Mehran Esmaeili Maryam Behdarvand
  Despite its significant political and social importance, the region of Najd in the Arabian Peninsula has received little attention from researchers of early Islamic history and the Prophet's biography (Sira). The focus of traditional narratives has been on the conflicts More

  Despite its significant political and social importance, the region of Najd in the Arabian Peninsula has received little attention from researchers of early Islamic history and the Prophet's biography (Sira). The focus of traditional narratives has been on the conflicts between the Prophet and the Quraysh, as well as the Prophet and the Jewish tribes. However, Najd, located in eastern Hijaz, was a crucial region where many of the Prophet's military campaigns took place, and some of his missionary activities occurred. This paper aims to investigate the reaction of Najd tribes to the Prophet's call and expansion in Najd, and the outcomes of the Prophet's actions in this region. The findings suggest that the Ghatafani tribes, one of the major tribal groups in Najd, largely resisted the spread of the Prophet's call in Najd until the end of the prophetic period, posing significant security threats to Medina and actively collaborating with the Quraysh and Jewish tribes. Manuscript profile