Abstract
This paper studies the relationship between income inequality and shadow economy in Iranian economy during 1971-2010. After examining the structural break of the data by using Bai- Peron endogenous structural break test, and Lee- Strazicich unit root test, the More
Abstract
This paper studies the relationship between income inequality and shadow economy in Iranian economy during 1971-2010. After examining the structural break of the data by using Bai- Peron endogenous structural break test, and Lee- Strazicich unit root test, the study will be done by using Ordinary Least Squares. Based on the results obtained, the effect of shadow economy on income inequality is positive and by the increase of shadow economy, income inequality will be increased. Also, the results indicate that the increase of government size leads to the increase of the income inequality. In addition, the simultaneous effect of the shadow economy, economic growth and government size represent that a rise of shadow economy will increase income inequality.
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Abstract
Today, one of the challenges facing health systems is the ever-increasing increase in its costs. This study investigates the relationship between health costs and income inequality. Income inequality has been investigated using four Gini coefficients and, in a More
Abstract
Today, one of the challenges facing health systems is the ever-increasing increase in its costs. This study investigates the relationship between health costs and income inequality. Income inequality has been investigated using four Gini coefficients and, in a quantile, approach using annual panel data from 2000 to 2022 in selected middle-income member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the empirical results show that the effect of health costs on inequality The income in the countries that are part of the top 10 percent of the income level in this group is much higher than the countries that are in the lowest income level. The effect of life expectancy, death rate and population on income inequality is also opposite; That is, the countries that are in the highest category in terms of income level, the effect of these variables on income inequality is much greater than the countries that are in the lower income categories. Also, due to the effect of population structure on income inequality, it is necessary to seriously consider it in the design and formulation of policies in the field of health, hygiene and population structure. Health, treatment and quality of life improvement policies to increase life expectancy and decrease mortality rate, policies to increase investment (reduction of consumption, promotion of security, economic development of exports, etc.) should be pursued to reduce income inequality.
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چکیده :
این مطالعه به جهت یافتن اندازه‌ی بهینه نابرابری درآمدی متضمن رشد اقتصادی مطلوب برای اقتصاد ایران می‌باشد. این اندازه موسوم به حد آستانه‌ای است. اندازه نابرابری درآمدی بیش از این حد، اثرات منفی بر رشد اقتصادی دارد. بدین منظور با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون آست More
چکیده :
این مطالعه به جهت یافتن اندازه‌ی بهینه نابرابری درآمدی متضمن رشد اقتصادی مطلوب برای اقتصاد ایران می‌باشد. این اندازه موسوم به حد آستانه‌ای است. اندازه نابرابری درآمدی بیش از این حد، اثرات منفی بر رشد اقتصادی دارد. بدین منظور با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون آستانه دو بخشی هانسن، رابطه‌ای برای محاسبه‌ی اثرات حد آستانه‌ای نابرابری درآمدی بر رشد اقتصادی ایران حاصل گردید. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان می‌دهد نابرابری درآمدی در ایران از یک الگوی حد آستانه‌ای دو بخشی پیروی می‌کند و مقدار این آستانه نیز 441/0 است. همچنین نتایج حکایت از وجود رابطه‌ی غیر خطی میان نابرابری درآمدی و رشد اقتصادی دارد.
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Income inequality poses a major social challenge, and expanding social security is a key strategy to combat it. This study examines how social security resources and expenditures affect income inequality in Iran from 1988 to 2020 using the structural vector autocorrelat More
Income inequality poses a major social challenge, and expanding social security is a key strategy to combat it. This study examines how social security resources and expenditures affect income inequality in Iran from 1988 to 2020 using the structural vector autocorrelation (SVAR) model. The results reveal a nuanced relationship between social security inputs and income inequality. An increase in general insurance resource initially decreases inequality but later returns it to its original state. On the other hand, an uptick in unemployment insurance resources causes a brief increase in inequality before it declines. Expenditures in both general insurance and unemployment insurance tend to reduce income inequality, with general insurance having a more substantial effect. These findings suggest that increasing unemployment insurance resources requires careful management to avoid worsening income inequality, while investing in general insurance resources shows a stronger potential to reduce it. Social security expenditure can be a powerful tool for reducing income inequality in Iran when applied thoughtfully.
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