Investigating the Effectiveness of Satellite Data of TM Sensors of Landsat 5 Satellites and OLI and TIRS Sensors of Landsat 8 in Monitoring the Effects of Drought on the Surface Water Resources of Miankale Lagoon
Subject Areas : Application of computer in water and soil issues
1 - Assistance Professor, Department of Geography, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
Keywords: NDWI, MNDWI, NDVI, drought, miankale,
Abstract :
Background and Aim: The frequency and severity of droughts are increasing due to climate changes and human activities, and they create significant risks for surface water, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this research, the capability of satellite data of TM sensor of Landsat 5 satellite and OLI and TIRS sensors of Landsat 8 satellite in drought monitoring of water resources of Miankale wetland was evaluated.
Method: In this study, images from the TM sensor of Landsat 5 and the OLI and TIRS sensors of Landsat 8 were prepared for the period 1990 to 2023. Images were taken for both the wet and dry seasons to depict the variability of surface water during the seasons. May was taken for the wet season and July data was used for the dry month. The above images should be free of cloud cover. These images were downloaded from the US Geological Survey. To investigate the drought trend, multi-spectral indices of Normalized Difference of Vegetation (NDVI), Normalized Difference of Water index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference of Water Index (MNDWI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) were calculated and the most appropriate method. It was identified for surface water detection and drought monitoring. For this purpose, the correlation relations between each of the indices with the earth surface temperature index were estimated and based on this, the regression equation was calculated and the values of drought in five categories very severe, severe, moderate, low and very low were calculated and the corresponding map was drawn.
Results: According to the research findings, wider areas have been exposed to higher temperatures. From 1990 to 2023, areas with temperatures below 19 degrees Celsius have decreased from 645 square kilometers in 1990 to 296 square kilometers in 2023, while areas with temperatures above 29 degrees Celsius have increased from 2 square kilometers in 1990 to 320 square kilometers in 2023, mostly in the western part of the wetland and in areas that have been observed to have dried up. The reason for this is the drying of a large part of the western part of the wetland during this period. The above process has affected the vegetation of the region, and due to the drying of the western part, the widest area in this region has faced severe drought. In 1990, about 243.3 square kilometers of the region faced severe drought, which increased to 280.7 square kilometers in 2023. Of course, a slight increase was observed in this area. Significant changes have been seen in the average area, with the average aridity increasing from 52.2 km2 in 1990 to 254.1 km2, a fourfold increase.
Conclusion: The results showed that the MNDWI index had the highest correlation with the LST index in the years 1990 and 2023, so that the correlation values for these years are -0.83 and -0.88, respectively. This index was used to estimate drought. Based on this, it was observed that the amount of average drought has expanded the most and reached from 52.2 square kilometers to 254.1 square kilometers, which indicates the slow movement of the region towards severe drought. This incident caused the wetland area to decrease from 511 square kilometers in 1990 to 351 square kilometers in 2023.
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