The Effect of Hypothyroidism on morphine dependence in mice
Subject Areas : Journal of Large Animal Clinical Science Research(JLACSR)
Keywords: Morphine, Hypothyroidism, Dependence, withdrawal signs,
Abstract :
In this study, physical dependence in male hypothyroid Swiss-Webster mice was investigated by evaluating of morphine withdrawal signs. Animals were divided into four groups: control, morphine dependent, hypothyroid and hypothyroid morphine dependent. Hypothyroidism was induced by administering propylthioracil (PTU) 0.1% for 2 weeks into drinking water of the animals. Animals at control groups only received tap water. Morphine dependency was induced by intraperituneal injection of morphine hydrochloride for 4 days according to Marschall method. Withdrawal signs were evaluated 1 hour after the last administration of morphine by intraperituneal injection of naloxone in experimental groups. The results of the present study showed that morphine dependence was greater in hypothyroid animals compared to control and dependent groups and withdrawal signs were more serious (p < 0.05). These results suggest that hypothyroidism could affect on morphine dependence by possible altering in numbers or affinities of the opioid receptors in the nervous system.
1- Cicero TJ, Schainker BA, Meyer ER. (1979). Endogenus opioids participate in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-luteinizing hormone axis and testosterone negative feed back control of luteinizing hormone. Endocrinology. 104:1286-1291.
2- DehpourAR, Sadeghipour HR, Nowroozi A, Akbarloo N.(2000).The effect of the serotonergic system on opioid withdrawal-like syndrome in a mouse model of cholestasis.Hum psychopharmacol. Aug;15(6):423-428.
3- Diaz SL,Hermida MP,Joannas LD, Olivera M, Ridolfi A, Villaamil EC, Balerio GN.(2007). Pharmacokinetic aspects of naloxone-precipated morphine withdrawal in male and female prepubertal mice.Biopharm drug dispos. Sep;28(6):283-9.
4- Ganong WF.(2003). Review of medical physiology.Lange Medical Book .New York.21ed.320-335
5- Haghparast A, Khani A, Naderi N, Alizadeh AM, Motamedi F.(2007). Repeated administration of nicotine attenuates the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice.Pharmacol Biochem Behav. Sep 19 (Epub of print)
6- Huidobro-Toro JP, Harris RA, Loh HH,Way EL. (1978). Effects of hypothyroidism on the response of the rat colon to morphine. Eur. J.Pharmacol. Nov 15;52(2):191-5.
7- Marshall S, Bruni JF, Van VD,Meites J.(1977). Effect of naloxane & morphine and methionin enkephalin on serum PRL, LH ,FSH,TSH and GH.Life Sci.21:461-466.
8- Mori T, Ito S, Matsubayashi K, Sawaguchi T.(2007). Comparison of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, phospholipase A2 inhibitor and free radical scavengers as attenuators of opioid withdrawal syndrome.Behav pharmacol. Dec; 18(8):725-729.
9- Moshtaghi-Kashanian GR, Esmaeeli F,Dabiri S.(2005). Enhanced prolactin levels in opium smokers.Addict Biol.Dec; 10(4):345-9.
10- Ogrin C, Schussler GC.(2005). Suppression of thyrotropin by morphine in a severely stressed patient.Endocr J.Apr;52(2):265-9.
11- Pfeiffer DG, Pefeiffer A.(1987). Opiate suppression of LH secretion involves central receptors different from those that mediating opiate effects on prolactin secretion. J. Endocrinol. 114:469-476.
12- Saboory E, Derchasky M, Ismaili M, Jahromi SS, Brull R, Carlen PL, El Beheiry H.(2007). Mechanisems of morphine enhancement of spontaneous seizure activity.Anesth Analg. Dec;105(6):1729-35.
13- Simpkins JW, Swager D, Millard WJ.(1991). Evaluation of the sites of opioid influence on anterior pituitary hormone secretion using a quaternary opiate antagonist. Neuroendocrinology. Oct;54(4):384-90.
14- Singh P, Singal P(2007). Morphine-induced neuroimmunomodulation in murine visceral leishmaniasis:the role(s) of cytokines and nitric oxide.J Neuroimmune pharmacol. Dec;2 (4):338-51.
15- Sung YC, Way E, (1951). The effect of altered thyroid function on the action and fate of d,1-methadone. J.Pharmacol .Exptl.Therap.1:108-112.
Weingarten TN, Sprung J, Ackerman JD, Bojanic K, Watson JC, Dyck PJ.(2006). Anesthesia and patients with congenital hyposensitivity to pain.
_||_