Examining the components of urban resilience with an emphasis on natural disasters (earthquake) Case study: District 16 Tehran

Subject Areas : Urban Management Studies

Haniya Tavakkoli ¹ (دانشجوی دکترا گروه جغرافیا, واحد نجف آباد ,دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی .نجف آباد, ایران[e-mail])
Ahmad Khadem Al-Hassani ² (ostad)
Iraj Khosravi Haghivand ³ (دانشجوی دکتری گروه جغرافیا, واحد نجف آباد, دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی .نجف آباد ایران[e-mail])

Received: 2017-12-26 Accepted : 2018-01-25 Published : 2018-02-20

Keywords: resilience, Natural disasters, Crisis management, Tehran,

Abstract :

Cities today extend their spatial territories, whereas they become more susceptible to natural and man-made threats. Being located in the earthquake-prone belt of Himalayas, on average every five years, Iran faces an earthquake of magnitude of seven in Richter scale. Given the existence of active faults, Tehran is always at risk of earthquakes and has higher probability of accidents due to socio-economic-physical risk factors like high concentration of population, weak structures, weak adaptation of public services, housing, and so on, compared to other cities in Iran. As is clear, cities are complex systems constantly exposed to various interactions. Thus, to make such a great complex with its own complexities resilient and efficient, we need to draft some principles that clarify the path to achieving this goal. The purpose of the present study was to examine the components of urban resilience (case study: District 16 Tehran) with an emphasis on the natural incident earthquake. The study was conducted using a questionnaire, determining the total volume of samples, and using Cochran method along simple random sampling formula. Thus, 200 questionnaires were analyzed according to a 5-option Likert scale and t-test using SPSS. The results showed that urban resilience components at economic level include the role of providing services and increasing incentives for housing reform with an average of 3.39 percent was the most proper and the belief in planning to reduce the devastating effects of the earthquake with the priority of increasing revenue of people with an average of 1.92 are the most improper economic components.  The social level includes the participation in training courses to deal with the damage caused by an earthquake and to reduce its effect with an average of 3.38 as the most proper and transfer the experiences for reduction of the impact of earthquake with an average of 1.73% is the most improper components at social level. . Moreover, at the physical-environmental level studied, the increase in the damage caused by the lack of a prior warning system and evacuation systems with an average of 3.64 were considered the most appropriate and the trust in housing due to consulting with domestic architects and consulting engineers with an average of 2.016 was the most inappropriate case at physical-environmental level.

References:

عصار، محمد (1368)، راهنمای بهسازی محیط در بلاهای طبیعی، ترجمه ابوالحسن ندیم، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران

فرزادبهتاش محمدرضا و همکاران, (1391) ,تبیین ابعاد ومولفه‌های تاب آوری شهرهای اسلامی فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی مطالعات شهرهای ایرانی اسلامی,شماره9

محمدرضا رضایی,1390,تبیین تاب آوری اجتماعات شهری به منظورکاهش اثرات سوانح طبیعی (زلزله) مطالعه موردی کلانشهر تهران رساله دکتری رشته جغرافیا وبرنامه ریزی شهری دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.

فرزاد بهتاش محمدرضا (1378) مدیریت سوانح دانش نامه مدیریت شهری وروستایی وزارت علوم تحقیقات وفناوری سازمان شهرداری‌ها ودهیاری کشور

Adger WN, et al., 2005. “Social–ecological resilience to coastal disasters”. -Science 309:1036–1039 –

Adger, W.N., 1997. Sustainability and social resilience in coastal resource use. CSERGE Working Paper Series, Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment University of East Anglia, Norwich and University College London, UK.

Adger, W.N., 2000. “Social and ecological resilience: Are they related”? Progress in Human Geography, vol. 24, no.3, pp. 347–364.

Adger, W.N., 2006.“Vulnerability”, Global Environmental Change, 16, pp. 268–281.

Ainuddin, S., Routray, Jayant Kumar (2012) , Community resilience framework for an earthquake prone area in Baluchistan, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2, 25-36.

Buckle.P, Graham. M and Syd S. 2000. “New approaches to assessing vulnerability and resilience”, Australian Journal of Emergency Management 2000, pp. 8–14.

Carpenter, S.R., et al., 2001. „From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what”? Ecosystems 4, 765– 781.

Cutter, S.L., 2000. “Revealing the vulnerability of people and places: a case study of Georgetown County, South Carolina”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (4) (2000) , pp. 713–737.

Cutter, S.L., et al., 2008. “A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters”. Global Environmental Change ,pp.1-9. doi:10.1016/j. gloenvcha. 2008.07.013

Davis, I., Izadkhah, Y., 2006. “Building resilient urban communities”. Article from OHI ,31, 1, pp 11-21.

Folke, C., 2006. “Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for socialecological systems analyses”. Global Environmental Change 16 (3) , 253–267.

Holling, C.S., et al., 1973. “Biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems: an ecological synthesis”. economic and ecological issues. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 44–83.

Klein, R.J. N and Thomalla, F.2003. “Resilience to natural hazards: how useful is this concept”?, Environmental Hazards 5 (1–2) (2003) , pp. 35–45.

Leeuw Van der, S.E. and C.A. Leygonie. 2000. “A longterm perspective on resilience in socionatural systems”. Paper presented at the workshop on System shocks–system resilience, Abisko, Sweden, 22–26 May.

Levin, S. et al..1988. “Resilience in natural and socioeconomic systems”. Environment and Development Economics. 3. pp. 222–235.

Mayunga JS., 2007. Understanding and Applying the Concept of Community Disaster Resilience: A capitalbased approach. A draft working paper prepared for the summer academy for social vulnerability and resilience building, 22 - 28 July 2007, Munich,

Mayunga, Joseph S (2007) , Understanding and applying the concept of community disaster resilience: a capital-base approach, A draft working paper prepared for the summer academy for social vulnerability are resilience building, Munich, Germany.

Mileti, D.S. 1999. Disasters by design: a reassessment of natural hazards in the United States, Natural hazards and disasters, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC (1999).

Mitchell, T., Harris, K. (2012) , Resilience: a risk management approach, background note, ODI.

Normandin J.-M, Therrien M.-C, Tanguay G.A (2011) , City strength in times of turbulence: strategic resilience indicators, Urban Affairs Association 41st Conference, New Orleans

Norris S.P. et al., 2008. “Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness”, American Journal of Community Psychology 41 (2008) , pp. 127–150.

Paton D. and Johnston, D.2001. “Disasters and communities: vulnerabilities, resilience, and preparedness”, Disaster Prevention and Management 10 (4) (2001) , pp. 270–277.

Pelling, M. 2003. The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience, Earthscan, London (2003).

Timmerman, P., 1981. Vulnerability, Resilience and the Collapse of Society: A Review of Models and Possible Climatic Applications. , Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada.

www. http://rpc.tehran.ir/

www. region16.tehran.ir