Evaluating unconventional water resources for sustainable water supply: Advantages, limitations and implementation strategies
Subject Areas : Unconventional water extraction systemsFarida Iraji 1 * , Payam Najafi 2
1 - Water Studies Research Center, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
2 - Water Studies Research Center, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Keywords: Unconventional water resources, Sustainable water management, Desalination, Treated wastewater, Climate change, Water security,
Abstract :
Global population growth, industrial expansion, and climate change have led to significant declines in freshwater resources across many regions. Unconventional Water Resources (UWRs) have consequently gained strategic importance as a solution to water scarcity. Through systematic review and qualitative content analysis, this study examines 12 UWRs categorized into four main groups (atmospheric water, processed water, transferred water, and unconventional groundwater), along with key research in the field. Findings reveal that optimal UWR selection depends on sustainability, cost, environmental considerations, and geographical factors. Renewable and low-cost options like rainwater, greywater, and dew water demonstrate higher sustainability, whereas advanced technologies such as desalination and fossil water extraction require substantial investment. Primary implementation challenges include technical constraints, high costs, social resistance, and governance barriers—though these can be mitigated through technological innovation, evidence-based policymaking, and community participation. Case studies from Iran highlight successful applications of treated wastewater, atmospheric moisture harvesting, and saline aquaculture, underscoring the potential of these resources. The study concludes by advocating integrated management of conventional and unconventional water resources through adaptive, context-specific approaches to ensure long-term water security.
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