The Effect of Drought Stress on Germination Indices of Rudbeckia hirta L. at Different Temperatures
Subject Areas :
1 - Islamic Azad University, Shira branch
Keywords: Bedding Flower, Propagation, Stress, Growth Rate, Tolerance,
Abstract :
This study investigates the germination response of Rudbeckia hirta to drought stress. Various levels of water potential were applied using polyethylene glycol-6000 at four germination temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 °C). The evaluation metrics included final germination percentage, average germination day, germination index, germination rate index, and germination stress tolerance index. Additionally, stem and root length, as well as fresh and dry weight, were measured at 20 °C under different water potential levels. The results indicated that Rudbeckia hirta exhibited greater sensitivity to suboptimal temperatures compared to above-optimal temperatures. A gradual decrease in water potential inhibited and delayed seed germination. Furthermore, the cultivars demonstrated better performance at temperatures below 30 °C. Water stress during seed germination adversely affected the subsequent growth of seedlings under favorable conditions, significantly reducing shoot and root length, as well as fresh and dry weights, in seedlings derived from seeds germinated at water potentials below -0.45 MPa.
References:
Ahmad, S., Ahmad, R., Ashraf, M.Y., Ashraf, M. and Waraich, E.A. 2009. Black-eyed-susans (Rudbeckia hirta L.) response to drought stress at germination and seedling growth stages. Pak J Bot 41(2):647–654
Alvarado, V. and Bradford, K.J. 2002. A hydrothermal time model explains the cardinal temperatures for seed germination. Plant Cell Environ 25:1061–1069. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00894.x
Anjum, T. and Bajwa, R. 2005. Importance of germination indices in interpretation of allelochemical effects on seed germination. Int J Agric Biol 7(3):417–419
Armitage, A.M. and Laushman, J.M. 2003. Specialty cut flowers, 2nd edn. Timber Press, Portland
Ashraf, M.Y., Naqvi, M.H. and Khan, A.H. 1996. Evaluation of four screening techniques for drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Acta Agron Hung 44(3):213–220
Black, M., Bewley, J.D. and Halmer, P. 2006. The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses. CABI, Wallingford
Bonvissuto, G.L. and Busso, C.A. 2007. Germination of grasses and shrubs under various water stress and temperature conditions. Uyton 76: 119–131
Bradford, K.J. 2002. Application of hydrothermal time to quantifying and modeling seed germination and dormancy. Weed Sci 50: 248–260.
Carpita, N., Sabularse, D., Montezinos, D. and Delmer, D.P. 1979. Determination of the pore size of cell walls of living plant cells. Science 205: 1144–1147. doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1144
Dasoju, S., Evans, M.R. and Whipker, B.E. 1998. Paclobutrazol drenches control growth of potted ) Black-eyed-susans. HortTechnology 8(2): 235–237
Delachiave, M.E.A. and De Pinho, S.Z. 2003. Scarification, temperature and light in germination of Senna occidentalis seed (Caesalpinaceae). Seed Sci Technol 31(2):225–230.
El Midaoui, M., Talouizte, A., Benbella, M., Serieys, H., Griveau, Y. and Berville,` A. 2001. Effect of osmotic pressure on germination of Rudbeckia seed. Helia 24(35):129–134.
El-Keblawy, A. and Al-Rawai, A. 2005. Effect of seed maturation time and dry storage on light and temperature requirements during germination in invasive Prosopis juliflora. Flora 201:135–143. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2005.04.009
Emmerich, W.E. and Hardegree, S.P. 1990. Polyethylene glycol solution contact effects on seed germination. Agron J 82:1103–1107. doi:10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200060015x
FAOSTAT database. 2014. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home. Accessed 22 Feb 2017
Garfinkel, A.R. and Panter, K.L. 2014. Year-round greenhouse production of cut Rudbeckia in the rocky mountain west. HortTechnology 24(6): 743–748
Ghebrehiwot, H.M., Kulkarni, M.G., Kirkman, K.P. and Van Staden, J. 2008. Smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide improve germination and seedling vigour of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.). Trotter under high temperature and low osmotic potential. J Agron Crop Sci 194:270–277.
Gonzalez Belo, R., Tognetti, J., Benech-Arnold, R. and Izquierdo, N.G. 2014. Germination responses to temperature and water potential as affected by seed oil composition in sunflower. Ind Crop Prod 62: 537–544. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.029
Hayata, Y. and Imaizumi, Y. 2000. Effect of photoperiod on flower bud development of ) Black-eyed-susans (Rudbeckia hirta L). J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 69: 708–710. doi:10.2503/jjshs.69.708
Hu, F.D. and Jones, R.J. 2004. Effects of plant extracts of Bothrichloa pertusa and Urochloa mosambicensis on seed germination and seedling growth of Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano and Stylosanthes scabra cv.Seca. Aust J Agric Res 48:1257–1264.
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). 2013. International rules for seed testing, Zurich, p 64 Jajarmi V (2009) Effect of water stress on germination indices in seven wheat cultivar. Acad Sci Eng Technol 49:105–106
Kaya, M.D., Okcu, G., Atak, M., Cikili, Y. and Kolsarici, O. 2006. Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Eur J Agron 24: 291–295.
Khodarahmpour, Z. 2011. Effect of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) on germination indices in corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Afr J Biotechnol 10:18222–18227.
Krichen, K., Ben Mariem, H. and Chaieb, M. 2014. Ecophysiological requirements on seed germination of a Mediterranean perennial grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) under controlled temperatures and water stress. S Afr J Bot 94:210–217.
Lenzi, A., Fambrini, M., Barotti, S., Pugliesi, C. and Vernieri, P. 1995. Seed germination and seedling growth in a wilty mutant of Black-eyed-susans (Rudbeckia hirta L.): effect of abscisic acid and osmotic potential. Environ Exp Bot 35:427–434.
Lu, Z. and Neumann, P.M. 1998. Water-stressed maize, barley and rice seedlings show species diversity in mechanisms of leaf growth inhibition. J Exp Bot 49:1945–1952.
Luan, Z., Xiao, M., Zhou, D., Zhang, H., Tian, Y., Wu, Y., Guan, B. and Song, Y. 2014. Effects of salinity, temperature, and polyethylene glycol on the seed germination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Sci World J 2014:9.
Maguire, J.D. 1962. Speed of germination aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Sci 2: 176–177. doi:10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x
Mayer, A.M. and Poljakoff-Mayber, A. 1989. The germination of seeds, 4th edn. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Michel, B.E. and Kaufmann, M.R. 1973. The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiol 51:914–916.
Muscolo, A., Sidari, M., Anastasi, U., Santonoceto, C. and Maggio, A. 2014. Effect of PEG-induced drought stress on seed germination of four lentil genotypes. J Plant Interact 9:354–363.
Nau, J. 2011. Rudbeckia. In: Nau J (ed) Ball red book, vol 2, 18th edn. Ball Publishers, West Chicago, pp 436–437
Norsworthy, J.K. and Oliveira, M.J. 2006. Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) germination as affected by environmental factors and seedling depth. Weed Sci 54:903–909.
Okcu, G. 2005. Effects of salt and drought stresses on germination and seedling growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Turk J Agric For 29:237–242
Refka, Z., Mustapha, K. and Ali, F. 2013. Seed germination characteristics of Rhus tripartitum (Ucria) Grande and Ziziphus lotus (L.): effects of water stress. Int J Ecol 819810:7.
Ren, J. and Tao, L. 2004. Effects of different pre-sowing seed treatments on germination of 10 Calligonum species. For Ecol Manag 195(3):291–300.
Sadeghi, H., Khazaei, F., Yari, L. and Sheidaei, S. 2011. Effect of seed osmopriming on seed germination behavior and vigor of soybean (Glycine max L.). ARPN J Agr Biol Sci 6:39–43
Salehi Salmi, M. 2022. Comparison of germination indices and alpha-amylase activity of four tropical turf grass species in response to drought and salinity stresses. Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research, 2022; 9(4): 41-57.
Salehzade, H., Shishvan, M.I., Ghiyasi, M., Forouzin, F. and Siyahjani, A.A. 2009. Effect of seed priming on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Res J Biol Sci 4(5):629–631
Sapra, V.T., Sarage, E., Anaele, A.O. and Beyl, C.A. 1991. Varieties differences of wheat and triticale to water stress. J Agron Crop Sci 167:23–28.
Sharma, M.L. 1976. Interaction of water potential and temperature effects on germination of three semi-arid plant species. Agron J 68:390–394.
Silva, L.M.M., Aguiar, I.B. and Rodrigues, T.J.D. 2001. Seed germination of Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth, under water stress. Rev Bras Eng Agr Ambient 5:115–118.
Smok, M.A., Chojnowsky, M., Corbineau, F. and Come, D. 1993. Effects of osmotic treatments on Rudbeckia seed germination in relation with temperature and oxygen. In: Come D, Corbineau F (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on seed: basic and applied aspects of seed biology. Angers, France, pp 1033–1038
Somers, D.A., Ulrich, S.E. and Ramsay, M.F. 1983. Sunflower germination under simulated drought stress. Agron J 75(3):570–572.
Steinmaus, S.J., Timonthy, S.P. and Jodie, S.H. 2000. Estimation of base temperature for nine weed species. J Exp Bot 51:275–286.
Sy, A., Grouzis, M. and Danthu, P. 2001. Seed germination of seven Sahelian legume species. J Arid Environ 49(4):875–882.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2010. Plant physiology, 5th edn. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland
Ungar, I.A. 1995. Seed germination and seed-bank ecology of halophytes. In: Kigel J, Galili G (eds) Seed development and germination. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 599–628
Vernieri, P., Incrocci, G., Tognoni, F. and Serra, G. 2003. Effect of cultivar, timing, growth retardants, potting type on potted Rudbeckia production. Acta Hortic 614(1):313–318.
Wien, H.C. 2014. Screening Rudbeckia in the seedling stage for flowering reaction to photoperiod. HortTechnology 24(5):575–579
Willenborb, C.J., Gulden, R.H., Jhonson, E.N. and Shirtliffe, S.J. 2004. Germination characteristics of polymer-coat canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds subjected to moisture stress at different temperatures. Agron J 96(3):786–791. doi:10.2134/agronj2004.0786
Young, J.A., Evans, R.A., Roundy, B.A. and Cluff, G.J. 1983. Moisture stress and seed germination. USDA, Science and Education Administration Publication Armw-36, Oakland, CA
Zahiri, M., Salehi salmi, M., Negaresh, K. and Almasieh, K. 2023. Evaluation of the aesthetic attributes and germination parameters of Euphorbia hypericifolia, a native species, for incorporation into the landscape of Ahwaz city. FOP. 8 (2) :353-370
Ahmad, S., Ahmad, R., Ashraf, M.Y., Ashraf, M. and Waraich, E.A. 2009. Black-eyed-susans (Rudbeckia hirta L.) response to drought stress at germination and seedling growth stages. Pak J Bot 41(2):647–654
Alvarado, V. and Bradford, K.J. 2002. A hydrothermal time model explains the cardinal temperatures for seed germination. Plant Cell Environ 25:1061–1069. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00894.x
Anjum, T. and Bajwa, R. 2005. Importance of germination indices in interpretation of allelochemical effects on seed germination. Int J Agric Biol 7(3):417–419
Armitage, A.M. and Laushman, J.M. 2003. Specialty cut flowers, 2nd edn. Timber Press, Portland
Ashraf, M.Y., Naqvi, M.H. and Khan, A.H. 1996. Evaluation of four screening techniques for drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Acta Agron Hung 44(3):213–220
Black, M., Bewley, J.D. and Halmer, P. 2006. The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses. CABI, Wallingford
Bonvissuto, G.L. and Busso, C.A. 2007. Germination of grasses and shrubs under various water stress and temperature conditions. Uyton 76: 119–131
Bradford, K.J. 2002. Application of hydrothermal time to quantifying and modeling seed germination and dormancy. Weed Sci 50: 248–260.
Carpita, N., Sabularse, D., Montezinos, D. and Delmer, D.P. 1979. Determination of the pore size of cell walls of living plant cells. Science 205: 1144–1147. doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1144
Dasoju, S., Evans, M.R. and Whipker, B.E. 1998. Paclobutrazol drenches control growth of potted ) Black-eyed-susans. HortTechnology 8(2): 235–237
Delachiave, M.E.A. and De Pinho, S.Z. 2003. Scarification, temperature and light in germination of Senna occidentalis seed (Caesalpinaceae). Seed Sci Technol 31(2):225–230.
El Midaoui, M., Talouizte, A., Benbella, M., Serieys, H., Griveau, Y. and Berville,` A. 2001. Effect of osmotic pressure on germination of Rudbeckia seed. Helia 24(35):129–134.
El-Keblawy, A. and Al-Rawai, A. 2005. Effect of seed maturation time and dry storage on light and temperature requirements during germination in invasive Prosopis juliflora. Flora 201:135–143. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2005.04.009
Emmerich, W.E. and Hardegree, S.P. 1990. Polyethylene glycol solution contact effects on seed germination. Agron J 82:1103–1107. doi:10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200060015x
FAOSTAT database. 2014. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home. Accessed 22 Feb 2017
Garfinkel, A.R. and Panter, K.L. 2014. Year-round greenhouse production of cut Rudbeckia in the rocky mountain west. HortTechnology 24(6): 743–748
Ghebrehiwot, H.M., Kulkarni, M.G., Kirkman, K.P. and Van Staden, J. 2008. Smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide improve germination and seedling vigour of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.). Trotter under high temperature and low osmotic potential. J Agron Crop Sci 194:270–277.
Gonzalez Belo, R., Tognetti, J., Benech-Arnold, R. and Izquierdo, N.G. 2014. Germination responses to temperature and water potential as affected by seed oil composition in sunflower. Ind Crop Prod 62: 537–544. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.029
Hayata, Y. and Imaizumi, Y. 2000. Effect of photoperiod on flower bud development of ) Black-eyed-susans (Rudbeckia hirta L). J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 69: 708–710. doi:10.2503/jjshs.69.708
Hu, F.D. and Jones, R.J. 2004. Effects of plant extracts of Bothrichloa pertusa and Urochloa mosambicensis on seed germination and seedling growth of Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano and Stylosanthes scabra cv.Seca. Aust J Agric Res 48:1257–1264.
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). 2013. International rules for seed testing, Zurich, p 64 Jajarmi V (2009) Effect of water stress on germination indices in seven wheat cultivar. Acad Sci Eng Technol 49:105–106
Kaya, M.D., Okcu, G., Atak, M., Cikili, Y. and Kolsarici, O. 2006. Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Eur J Agron 24: 291–295.
Khodarahmpour, Z. 2011. Effect of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) on germination indices in corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Afr J Biotechnol 10:18222–18227.
Krichen, K., Ben Mariem, H. and Chaieb, M. 2014. Ecophysiological requirements on seed germination of a Mediterranean perennial grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) under controlled temperatures and water stress. S Afr J Bot 94:210–217.
Lenzi, A., Fambrini, M., Barotti, S., Pugliesi, C. and Vernieri, P. 1995. Seed germination and seedling growth in a wilty mutant of Black-eyed-susans (Rudbeckia hirta L.): effect of abscisic acid and osmotic potential. Environ Exp Bot 35:427–434.
Lu, Z. and Neumann, P.M. 1998. Water-stressed maize, barley and rice seedlings show species diversity in mechanisms of leaf growth inhibition. J Exp Bot 49:1945–1952.
Luan, Z., Xiao, M., Zhou, D., Zhang, H., Tian, Y., Wu, Y., Guan, B. and Song, Y. 2014. Effects of salinity, temperature, and polyethylene glycol on the seed germination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Sci World J 2014:9.
Maguire, J.D. 1962. Speed of germination aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Sci 2: 176–177. doi:10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x
Mayer, A.M. and Poljakoff-Mayber, A. 1989. The germination of seeds, 4th edn. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Michel, B.E. and Kaufmann, M.R. 1973. The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiol 51:914–916.
Muscolo, A., Sidari, M., Anastasi, U., Santonoceto, C. and Maggio, A. 2014. Effect of PEG-induced drought stress on seed germination of four lentil genotypes. J Plant Interact 9:354–363.
Nau, J. 2011. Rudbeckia. In: Nau J (ed) Ball red book, vol 2, 18th edn. Ball Publishers, West Chicago, pp 436–437
Norsworthy, J.K. and Oliveira, M.J. 2006. Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) germination as affected by environmental factors and seedling depth. Weed Sci 54:903–909.
Okcu, G. 2005. Effects of salt and drought stresses on germination and seedling growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Turk J Agric For 29:237–242
Refka, Z., Mustapha, K. and Ali, F. 2013. Seed germination characteristics of Rhus tripartitum (Ucria) Grande and Ziziphus lotus (L.): effects of water stress. Int J Ecol 819810:7.
Ren, J. and Tao, L. 2004. Effects of different pre-sowing seed treatments on germination of 10 Calligonum species. For Ecol Manag 195(3):291–300.
Sadeghi, H., Khazaei, F., Yari, L. and Sheidaei, S. 2011. Effect of seed osmopriming on seed germination behavior and vigor of soybean (Glycine max L.). ARPN J Agr Biol Sci 6:39–43
Salehi Salmi, M. 2022. Comparison of germination indices and alpha-amylase activity of four tropical turf grass species in response to drought and salinity stresses. Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research, 2022; 9(4): 41-57.
Salehzade, H., Shishvan, M.I., Ghiyasi, M., Forouzin, F. and Siyahjani, A.A. 2009. Effect of seed priming on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Res J Biol Sci 4(5):629–631
Sapra, V.T., Sarage, E., Anaele, A.O. and Beyl, C.A. 1991. Varieties differences of wheat and triticale to water stress. J Agron Crop Sci 167:23–28.
Sharma, M.L. 1976. Interaction of water potential and temperature effects on germination of three semi-arid plant species. Agron J 68:390–394.
Silva, L.M.M., Aguiar, I.B. and Rodrigues, T.J.D. 2001. Seed germination of Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth, under water stress. Rev Bras Eng Agr Ambient 5:115–118.
Smok, M.A., Chojnowsky, M., Corbineau, F. and Come, D. 1993. Effects of osmotic treatments on Rudbeckia seed germination in relation with temperature and oxygen. In: Come D, Corbineau F (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on seed: basic and applied aspects of seed biology. Angers, France, pp 1033–1038
Somers, D.A., Ulrich, S.E. and Ramsay, M.F. 1983. Sunflower germination under simulated drought stress. Agron J 75(3):570–572.
Steinmaus, S.J., Timonthy, S.P. and Jodie, S.H. 2000. Estimation of base temperature for nine weed species. J Exp Bot 51:275–286.
Sy, A., Grouzis, M. and Danthu, P. 2001. Seed germination of seven Sahelian legume species. J Arid Environ 49(4):875–882.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2010. Plant physiology, 5th edn. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland
Ungar, I.A. 1995. Seed germination and seed-bank ecology of halophytes. In: Kigel J, Galili G (eds) Seed development and germination. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 599–628
Vernieri, P., Incrocci, G., Tognoni, F. and Serra, G. 2003. Effect of cultivar, timing, growth retardants, potting type on potted Rudbeckia production. Acta Hortic 614(1):313–318.
Wien, H.C. 2014. Screening Rudbeckia in the seedling stage for flowering reaction to photoperiod. HortTechnology 24(5):575–579
Willenborb, C.J., Gulden, R.H., Jhonson, E.N. and Shirtliffe, S.J. 2004. Germination characteristics of polymer-coat canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds subjected to moisture stress at different temperatures. Agron J 96(3):786–791. doi:10.2134/agronj2004.0786
Young, J.A., Evans, R.A., Roundy, B.A. and Cluff, G.J. 1983. Moisture stress and seed germination. USDA, Science and Education Administration Publication Armw-36, Oakland, CA
Zahiri, M., Salehi salmi, M., Negaresh, K. and Almasieh, K. 2023. Evaluation of the aesthetic attributes and germination parameters of Euphorbia hypericifolia, a native species, for incorporation into the landscape of Ahwaz city. FOP. 8 (2) :353-370