The reaction of some of tobacco varieties to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. nicotianae), root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and their interaction

Subject Areas : دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی

A. Sajjadi, ¹ , H. Assemi, ²

1 - مربی پژوهش، بخش گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش تیرتاش، بهشهر، ایران
2 - استادیار پژوهش، بخش گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش تیرتاش، بهشهر، ایران

Received: 2015-07-28 Accepted : 2015-07-28 Published : 2015-11-22

Keywords: root-knot nematode, Resistance and susceptibility, soilborne fungal pathogen, tobacco varieties,

Abstract :

Fungal fusarium wilt and root knot nematodes are distributed in all tobacco-producing regions of the world and can result in yield losses in almost all tobacco-growing areas. Fungal soilborne pathogens can attack tobacco at any growth stage causing seedling death in both seedbeds and fields. Control of fungal soil-borne pathogens and root knot nematodes are accomplished through the use of pesticides, crop rotation and resistant cultivars. The use of resistant cultivars is preferable economic management because pesticides are expensive and may pollute the environment. According to these reasons this research was done with two aims; observation on the reaction of different flue-cured and air-dried tobacco varieties against fungal soil-borne pathogens and root knot-nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and identification of resistant cultivars to these pathogens. Therefore, this study evaluated reaction of 35 flue-cured and air-dried tobacco varieties to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. nicotianae, and M. incognita in a factorial experiment with two factors including: tobacco type (flue-cured and air-dried tobacco varieties) and inoculum type (1-fungus alone, 2-Nematode alone and 3- fungus and Nematode) based on Completely Randomized Design with 6 replications in greenhouse at 25+3^oC in Tirtash Research and Education Center in 2012. Each tobacco seedling was inoculated with 3000 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) at transplanting into 1.5 Kg pot and inoculated with the fungus 10-15 days later. After 70 days, number of egg masses, number of eggs per mass, reproductive factor, weight of leaves and roots were determined. The results showed a synergistic interaction between nematode and fungus on tobacco. Simultaneous inocoulation of nematode and fungus had greatly increased ratings of the symptoms and root necrosis severity. Results of variance analysis showed that there were significant differences among these cultivars and they had different reactions to fungal fusarium wilt and root knot nematode and that not all tobacco cultivars were resistant to pathogens. Based on ratings of the symptoms, varieties Bel 61-10, NC 100, Burley orumieh3 and HB4105P, showed resistance. Speight G-28, Ergo and Burley 21 were very susceptible.
 

References:

1. Anonymous. 2012. Statistical repertoire of Iranian Tobacco Company. Tehran: Iranian Tobacco Company Publishing. 52 p.


2. Colin K and Powell NT. 1971. The Rhizoctonia –Meloidogyne disease complex in Flue-cured tobacco. Journal of Nematology 3: 110–117.


3. Di Vito M, Vovlas N and Castillo P. 2004. Host-parasite relationships of Meloidogyne incognita on spinach. Plant Pathology 53: 508–514.


4. Hosseini A, Moarefzadeh N and Salavati M R. 2011. Studying the reaction of air-dried tobacco varieties to root knot nematode. Annual Report Tirtash Research and Education Center: 149–170.


5. Lucas GB. 1975. Disease of Tobacco, 3^rd, edition, Biological consulting Associates, Releight, North Carolina, 621 p.


6. Mai WF and Abawi GS.1987. Interactions among root-knot nematodes and fusarium wilt fungi on Host Plants. Phytopathology 72: 317–338.


7. Moorman GW, Huang JS and Powell NT. 1980. Localized influence of Meloidogyne incognita on Fusarium wilt resistance of flue-cured tobacco. Phytopathology 70: 969–970.


8. Palmer G, Pearce B, and BaileyA. 2007. Selecting burley tobacco varieties for 2008. pp. 7-9 In K Seebold (ed). Kentucky Tobacco Production Handbook. ID-160. Kentucky: Kentucky Tobacco Production Handbook Publishing. 


9. Porter DM and Powell NT. 1967. Influence of certain Meloidogyne species on Fusarium wilt development in flue-cured tobacco. Phytopathology57, 282–5.


10. Powell NT and Nusbaum R. 1960. The black shank root knot complex in flue cured tobacco.Phytopathology 50: 899–906


11. Powell NT, Meléndez PL and Batten C.K.1971. Disease complexes in tobacco involving Meloidogyne incognita and certain soil-borne fungi. Phytopathology 61: 1332–1337.


12. Powell NT. 1971. Interactions between Nematodes and fungi in disease complexes. Phytopathology 9: 253–274.


13. Sadegh Moosavi S, Karegar A and Deljoo, A. 2006. Responses of some common cucumber cultivars in Iran to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, under greenhouse. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 42: 241–252.


14. Sajjadi A, and Assemi H. 2012. Identification of pathogenic soilborne fungi of tobacco in Golestan province fields. Applied Plant Protection 1: 233–248.


15. Sajjadi A, Assemi H, Najafi MR and Hossein Zadeh Fashalami N. 2012b. Studying the reaction of flue-cured tobacco varieties to root knot nematode. Paper presented at: 20^th Iranian Plant Protection Congress; 25–28 August; Shiraz, Iran.


16. Sajjadi A, Hosseininejad A and Assemi H. 2012a. Determination of damage of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on some cultivars of tobacco. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 80: 13–22.


17. Sasser JN, Lucas GB and Powers HR. 1955. The relantionship of root knot nematodes to black shank resistance in tobacco. Phytopatology 45: 459–461.


18. Shengfu Y, Shew HD and Barker KR. 1994. International of Meloidogyne incognita, Phytophthora nicotianae var nicotianae and Metalaxyl on resistant and susceptible tobacco. Journal of Nematology 26: 538–571.


19. Taylor AL and Sasser JN. 1978. Biology, identification and control of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). North Carolina State University: Graphics. 111 p.


20. Tisdale WB. 1931. Development of strains of cigar wrapper tobacco resistanct to black shank (phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan). Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Bulletin 226: 1–45.  


21. Vovlas N, Mifsud D, Landa BB and Castillo P. 2005. Pathogenicity of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on potato. Plant Pathology 54: 657–664.


22. Vovlas N, Simoes NJO and Sasanellia N. 2004. Host-Parasite relationships in tobacco plants infected with a root-knote nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) population from the Azores. Phytoparasitica 32: 167–173.


23. Zali A and Jafari Shabestari J. 1991. Introduction to Probability and Statistics. Tehran: Tehran University Publication. 474 p.


24. Zeck WM. 1971. A rating scheme for field evaluation of root knot nematode infestations. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer 24: 141–144.


25. Zunke V. 1981. Root nematodes apest occurring increasingly in gerbera growing. Deutscher Gartenbau 36: 11–13.