Induction of resistance and changes of phenol and peroxidase in tomato plants treated with Bacillus subtilis and salicylic acid against Fusarium wilt and root-knot diseases
Subject Areas : دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهیS. Dashtipour 1 , N. Sahebani 2 , H. Aminian 3
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشیار، گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
3 - دانشیار، گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
Keywords: peroxidase, Fusarium, Salicylic acid, Meloidogyne, Phenol,
Abstract :
In this paper, effects of Bacillus subtilis and salicylic acid on changes in biochemical and defense enzyme activity of tomato plant against two important pathogens Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, was evaluated. A greenhouse experiment was designed in order to assess the effect of salicylic acid and B. subtilisin the induction of resistance markers, including peroxidase andtotal phenol content. B. subtilis was used as live stimulator at concentration 109 CFU/ml and salicylic acid as a chemical inducer at concentration 5mμ before treatment with pathogens. The results showed that application of salicylic acid and B. subtilis in combination and also when applied singly, effectively increased peroxidase activity and total phenol compared to treatments of Fusarium (F), nematode (M) and control (C). The activity of peroxidase and the phenol content of the plant reach to its highest level at the fifth and seventh day after inoculation with the pathogens, respectively. It is suggested to further investigate the use of bacillus and SA in different combinations as a safe and effective method to control this complex disease.
References
Abad P, Favery B, Rosso MN and Castagnone-Sereno P. 2003. Root-knot nematode parasitism and host response: molecular basis of a sophisticated interaction. Molecular Plant Pathology 4: 217–224.
Agrios GN. 1997 Plant Pathology. 4th ed. New York: Academic Press. 635 p.
Agrios GN. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5th ed. San Diego: Academic Press. 922 p.
Batta YA. 1999. Biological effect of two strains of microorganisms antagonistic to Botrytis cinerea: causal organism of gray mold on strawberry. Natural Science 13: 67–83.
Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248–254.
Buchenauer H, Stadnik M, Chamsai J, Jeun C, Orobar M, Siegrist J and Anfoka G. 1998. Induction of resistance in different crops against fungal and viral diseases. Paper presented at: SCL Conference on Systemic Acquired Resistance; 10 March; London, England.
Cavalcanti FR, Resende MLV, Pereira RB, Costa JCB and Carvalho CPS. 2006. Atividades de quitinase e beta-1,3- glucanaseapóseliciação das defesas do tomateiro contra a mancha-bacteriana. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 41: 1721–1730.
Collinge DB, Kragh KM, Mikkelsen JD, Nielsen KK, Rasmussen U and Vad K. 1993. Plant chitinases. Plant Journal 3: 31–40.
Durnner J, Shah J and Klessing DF. 1997. Salicylic acid and disease in plants. Trends in Plant Science 2: 266–274.
Eisenback JD, Hirschmann H, Sasser JN and Triantaphyllou AC. 1981. A Guide to the four most common species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) with a pictorial key. Raleigh, North Carolina: A Cooperative Publication of the Departments of Plant Pathology and Genetics, North Carolina State University and US Agency for International Development. 48 p.
Hussey RS and Barker KR. 1973. A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp. including a new technique. Plant Disease Reporter 57: 1025–1028.
Jonathan EI, Raguchander T, Zareena Begum M and Sundaramoorthy S. 2009. Field efficacy of biocontrol agents for the management of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford and Olivera) in tomato. Biological Control 23: 311–316.
Kloepper JW and Ryu CM. 2006. Bacterial endophytes as elicitors of induced systemic resistance. pp. 33–52, In BE Schulz, CC Boyle and T Sieber (eds). Microbial Root Endophytes. Heidelberg: Springer.
Kloepper JW, Ryu CM and Zhang S. 2004. Induced systemic resistance and promotion of plant growth by Bacillus spp. Phytopathology 94: 1259–1266.
Mehdikhani E, Kheiri A, Mohammadi M, Eshtiaghi H and Okhovvat M. 2003. Three new records of Meloidogyne species for Iran. Iranian plant Pathology 39 (3, 4): 189–211.
Mohammadi M and Kazemi H. 2002. Changes in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities in susceptible and resistant wheat heads inoculated with Fusarium graminearum and induced resistance. Journal of Plant Science 162: 491–498.
Naserinasab F, Sahebani N and Etebarian HR. 2011.Biological control of Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum BI and salicylic acid on tomato. African Journal of Food Science 5(3): 276 – 280.
Nico AI, Rafaell RM, Jimenez-Daza M and Castillo P. 2004. Control of root-knot nematodes by composted agro-industrial wastes in potting mixtures. Crop Protection 23: 581–587.
Ogallo JL and Mcclure MA. 1996. Systemic acquired resistance and susceptibility to root-knot nematode in tomato. Phytopathology 86:498–501.
Pavaraj M, Karthikairaj K and Rajan MK. 2010. Effect of leaf extract of Ageratium conyzoides on the biochemical profile of black gram, Vigna mungo infected by root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Journal of Biopesticides 3: 313–316.
Reuveni R and Bothma GC. 1985. The relationship between promydase activity and resistance of Sphaeroteca fuligena in melons. Phytopathologisclie Zeitschrift: 114–260.
Ryals JA, Neuensch Wander VH, Willits MG, Molina A, Teiner HY and Hunt MD. 1996. Systemic acquired resistance. Plant cell 8: 1809–1819.
Seevers PM, Daly JM and Catedral FF. 1971. The role of peroxidase isozymes in resistance to wheat stem rust. Plant Physiology 48: 353–360.
Shah J. 2003.The salicylic acid loop in plant defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6: 365–371.
Sharon E, Bar-Eyal M, Chet I, Herrara-Estrella A, Kleifeld O and Spiegle Y. 2001. Biological Control of the Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathology 91(7): 687–693.
Sikora RA and Fernandez E. 2005. Nematode parasites of vegetables. pp. 319–392, In M Luc, RA Sikora and J Bridge (eds). Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. 2nd ed.Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
Thompson DC. 1996. Evaluation of bacterial antagonists for reduction of summer patch symptoms Kentucky bluegrass. Plant disease 80: 850–862.
Weller DM, Raaijmakers JM, Mcspadden BB and Thomashow LS. 2002. Microbial populations responsible for specific soil suppressivenss to plant pathogens. Annual Review of phytopathology 40: 309–3048.
Wesemael WML, Viaene N and Moens M. 2011. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Europe. Nematology 13: 3–16.
Yildirim E, Taylor AG and Spittler TD. 2006. Ameliorative effects of biological treatments on growth of squash plants under salt stress. Scientia Horticulturae 111: 1–6.
Zahang S, Moyne AL, Reddy MS and Klooper JW. 2002. The role of Salicylic acid in induced systemic resistance elicited by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria against blue mold of Tobacco. Biological control 25: 288–296.
_||_