Induction of plant defense response against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in tomato by Trichoderma harzianum BI

Subject Areas : دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی

F. Naserinasab ¹ (کارشناس ارشد گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران)
N. Sahebani ² (استادیار گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران.)
H. R. Etebarian ³ (استاد گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران.)

Received: 2013-11-06 Accepted : 2013-11-06 Published : 2013-12-22

Keywords: biological control, Phenolic compounds, peroxidase, Polyphenol oxidase,

Abstract :

The biocontrol activity of T. harzianum BI on root-knot nematode M. javanica and its ability to induce some biochemical defense responses on tomato were investigated. The roots of tomato seedlings were inoculated with suspension (10⁶ conidia/ml) of the antagonistic fungus and 2000 second-stage juveniles (J2) per plant. Enzymatic activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and levels of phenolic compounds were measured on days1 to 8 after inoculation. In addition to significant reductions in disease incidence and the number of nematode galls on the roots of plants in green house, T. harzianum BI increased the death percent of second stage juveniles (J2), and at the same time decreased the percent of egg hatch in the laboratory assays. It also increased peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities that reached their maximum levels 4 days after nematode inoculation. The highest level of phenolic compounds was observed on the 5^th day after nematode inoculation in treatments of T.harzianum BIand nematode compared with control. The ability of T. harzianum BIto increase activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and levels of phenolic compounds and plant defense induction may be some of the mechanisms responsible for its biocontrol activity.

References:

1. Al-Fattah A, Dababat A and Sikora A. 2007. Use of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride for the biological control of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. Jordan Journal Agricultural Sciences 3: 297–309.


2. Booth C. 1977. Fusarium Laboratory Guide to Identification of Major Species. Commonwealth Mycological Institue. Kew, England: CAB International. 55 p.


3. 3.      Bradford MM. 1967. A rapid sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Journal of Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248–254.


4. Brants A, Brrown CR and Earir ED. 2000. Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase does not provide resistance to Meloidogyne hapla in tobacco.Journal of Nematology 32: 289–296.


5. Chen C, Belanger RR, Beha AN and Paullitz TC. 2000. Defense enzymes induced in cucumber roots by treatment with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Pythium aphanidermatum. Journal of Plant Pathology 56: 13–23.


6. De Pinto MC and DeGara L. 2004. Changes in the ascorbate metabolism of apoplastic and symplastic spaces are associated with cell differentiation. Journal of Experimental Botany 55: 2559–2569.


7. El-Ghaouth A, Wilson CL and Wisniewski M. 1998. Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the biological control of Botrytis cinerea by Candida saitoana in apple fruit. Journal of Phytopathology 88: 282–291.


8. Etebarian HR, Sholberg P, Eastwell K, and Sayler R. 2005. Biological control of blue mold with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 51: 591–598.


9. Gong Y, Toivonen PMA, Lau OL and Wiersma PA. 2001. Antioxidant system level in Braeburn' apple is related to its browning disorder. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 42: 259–264.


10. Goodman RN, Kiraly Z and Wood KP. 1986. Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Plant Disease. Second edition. USA: University of Missouri Press. 433 p.


11. Hussey RS and Barker KR. 1973. A Comparison of Methods of Collecting Inocula of Meloidogyne spp. Including a New Technique. Plant Disease Reporter 57: 1025–1028.


12. Irfan UD, Saifullah-Khan H and Khattak, B. 2005. Biological control of Meloidogyne javanica with Trichoderma harzianum and spent mushroom compost in tomato under field conditions. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 17: 144–145.


13. Janisiewicz WJ Tworkoshi TJ and Kurtzman CP. 2001. Biocontrol potential of Metschnikowia pulcherima strains against blue mold of apple. Phytopathology 91: 1098–1108.


14. Jepson SB. 1987. Identification of Root – Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne species). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 265 p.


15. Khan TA and Saxena SK. 1997. Effect of root dip treatment with fungal filtrates on root penetration, development and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. International Journal of Nematology 7: 85–88.


16. Khattak B and Stephen SM. 2008. Effect of some indigenous isolats of Trichoderma harzianum on root knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 24: 285–288.


17. Kishore GK, Pande S and Podile R. 2006. Pseudomonas aeruginosa GSE 18 inhibits the cell wall degrading enzymes of Aspergillus niger and activates defence-related enzymes of groundnut in control of collar rot disease. Australasian Plant Pathology 35: 259–263.


18. Kloepper J, Tuzun S and Kuc J. 1992. Proposed definitions related to induced disease resistance. Journal of Biocontrol Science and Technology 2: 347–349.


19. Malick CP and Singh MB. 1980. Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology. New Delhi: Kalyani Publisher. 280 p.


20. Maleki Ziarati H, Sahebani N, Rahnama K and Noori N. 2008. Effect of fungus Trichoderma harzianum on induced systemic phenolic compounds against root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in tomato. Journal ofAgriculture Science and Natural Resources 14: 161–168 (In Farsi).


21. Mohammadi M and Kazemi H. 2002. Changes in peroxidase and Polyphenol oxidase activities in susceptible and resistant wheat heads inoculated with Fusarium graminearum and induced resistance. Plant Science 162: 491–498.


22. Mpiga P, Belange RR, Paulitz TC and Benhamou N. 1997. Increased resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radis-lycopersici in tomato plants treated with the endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 63-28. Journal of Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 50: 301–320.


23. Ogallo JL and McClure MA. 1996. Systemic acquired resistance and susceptibility to root-knot nematode in tomato. Journal of Phytopathology 86: 498–501.


24. Reuveni R. 1995. Biochemical marker of disease resistance. pp. 99–114, In RP Singh. and US Singh (eds). Molecular Methods in Plant Pathology. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.


25. Salehpour M, Etebarian HR, Roustaei A, Khodakaramian G and Aminian H. 2005. Biological control of common root rot of wheat (Bipolaris sorokiniana), by Trichoderma isolates. Plant Pathology Journal 4: 85–90.


26. Seevers DM, Daly JM and Catedral FF. 1971. The role of peroxidase isozyme in resistance to wheat stem rust disease. Journal of Plant Physiology 48: 353–360.


27. Sikora RA, Niere B and Kimenju J. 2003. Endophytic microbial biodiversity and plant nematode management in African agriculture. pp. 179–192, In P Neuenschwander, C Borgermeister and J Langewald (eds.). Biological Control in IPM Systems in Africa. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.


28. Van Loon LC and Vanstrien EA. 1998. The families of pathogenesis–related proteins, their activities and comparative analysis of PR-1 type proteins. Journal of Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 55: 85–97.