Evaluation of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer effects on yield, components, and seed protein percentage of durum wheat var. Aria
Subject Areas : crop production
1 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد خوی، دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد زراعت، خوی، ایران
Keywords: Density - Durum wheat - Nitrogen - Protein percentage- Yield,
Abstract :
To evaluate the plant density and nitrogen fertilizer effects on yield, components, and percentage protein of Durum wheat var. Aria an experiment was carried out in south west of Khoy during 2007. Plant density in three levels (300, 400, 500 grain in m2) as the first factor and nitrogen fertilizer in five levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg per hectare) as the second factor. Result of variation analysis showed that except of leaf number and harvest index, plant density had meaningful effect on other traits. Comparison of the means showed that most grain yields by 659.2 grm-2 obtained in 500 plants per m2. The various levels of nitrogen fertilizer except of leaf number and harvest index had meaningful effect on other traits. The highest grain yield by 711.8 kgm-2 was obtained in 200 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare. The opposite effect of nitrogen density only had meaningful effect on protein percentage trait. The highest nitrogen percent (15/36) was obtained in 200 kg nitrogen per hectare by 300 plants per square meter density. There was a strongly correlation between grain yield by biological yield R2≤ 0.947 and between yield component. The rachis numbers by R2≤ 0.947 had most positive correlation by grain yield. By noticing results of this experiment, it is recognized that durum wheat var. Aria by 500 grain per m2 density and 200 kg nitrogen per hectare is recommendable for planting in the zone.
References:
Abad, A., Lloveras, J. and A, Michelena. 2004. Nitrogen fertilization and foliar urea effects on durum wheat yield and quality and on residual soil nitrate in irrigated Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research. 87: 257–269.
AOCS, Ab-4-91, 1998. Official methods and recommended practices of the American oil chemists’ society, Fifth ed. American oil chemist society, champaign, IL, USA.
Arduini, I., Masoni, A., Ercoli, L. and M, Mariotti. 2006. Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate. Europ. J. Agronomy. 25.309-318.
Ayoub, M., Guertin, S., Fregeau-Reid, J. and D. L, Smith. 1994. Nitrigen fertilizer effect on breadmaking quality of hard red spring wheat in eastern Canada. Crop Sci.34: 1346-1352.
Baharie, M. 2001. Evaluation of seed rate and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and protein durum wheat. Papers summary in the 9 th Iranian Congress on Crop Production and Plant Breeding Tehran University. PP. 460.
Bakhshandeh, A. And A. Rahnema, 2006. Effect of seed rate and sowing date on the tiller, yield and yield components of six wheat cultivars, Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 3: 147-154.
Bohranie, A., And Z. Tahmasebi Sarvestani, 2005. Effect of nitrogen rate and time on qualitative and quantitative characteristics, efficient remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen in winter wheat cultivars. Journal of Iranian Agricultural Science, 36: (5): 1263-1271.
Bongiovanni, R.G., Robledo, C.W. and D.M, Lambert. 2007. Economics of site-specific nitrogen management for protein content in wheat. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 58:13–24.
Darwinkel, A. 1980. Ear development and formation of grain yield in winter wheat. Netherland. J. Agric. Sci. 23: 156-163.
Dawari, N. H. and Luthara, O.P. 1991. Character association studies under high and low environments in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Indian. J. Agric. Res. 25:68-72.
Donaldson, E., Schillinger, W. E. and Dofing, S. M. 2001. Straw production and grain yield relationships in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 41:100-106.
DuPont, F.M., Hurkman, W.J., Vensel, W.H., Chan, R., Lopez, R., Tanaka, C.K. and Altenbach, S.B. 2006. Differential accumulation of sulfur-rich and sulfur-poor wheat flour proteins is affected by temperature and mineral nutrition during grain development. Journal of Cereal Science. 44: 101–112.
Farzadie, H., S. A. Siadat, H. Nadian, and GH. Fathie. 2000. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on physiological and morphological characteristics of durum wheat in the Khuzestan province. Papers summary in Iranian Congress on Crop Production and Plant Breeding, Mazandaran University, Babolsar. PP. 500.
Fois, S., Motzo, R. and Giunta, F. 2009. The effect of nitrogenous fertiliser application on leaf traits in durum wheat in relation to grain yield and development. Field Crops Research. 110: 69–75.
Garrido-Lestache, E., L´opez-Bellido, R.J. and L´opez-Bellido, L. 2004. Effect of N rate, timing and splitting and N type on bread-making quality in hard red spring wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Res. 85: 213–236.
Garrido-Lestache, E., J. Lopez-Bellido, R., Lopez-Bellido, L. 2005. Durum wheat quality under Mediterranean conditions as affected by N rate, timing and splitting, N form and S fertilization. Europ. J. Agronomy. 23: 265–278.
Ghol Abadi, M. And. A. Arzanie. 2003. Evaluation of genetic diversity and factors analyse for agronomy characteristics in durum wheat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 1: 115-125.
Gooding, M.J., Ellis, R.H., Shewry, P.R. and Schofield, J.D. 2003. Effects of restricted water availability and increased temperature on the grain filling, drying and quality of winter wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 37: 295–309.
Govil, S. R. and Pandey, H. N. 1995. Expression of physiological characters associated with growth in wheat under competition.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 22: 26-29.
Grant, C.A., Brown, K.R., Racz, G.J. and Bailey, L.D. 2001. Influence of source, timing and placement of nitrogen on grain yield and nitrogen removal of durum wheat under reduced and conventional tillage management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81: 17–27.
Hassanzadeh Ghort Tappeh, A.,. A. Fathollah Zadeh, A. Nasrollahzadeh Asl, and N. Akhondie. 2008. Evaluation of yield components and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen uptake in wheat varieties and lines in West Azarbaijan province. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 1: 83-100.
Hiltbrunner, J., Streit, B. Liedgens, R. 2007. Are seeding densities an opportunity to increase grain yield of winter wheat in a living mulch of white clover? J. Field Crops Research. 102: 163-171.
Hucle, P. and Baker, R. J. 1989. Tillering patterns of spring wheat genotypes grown in a semiarid environment. Can. J. Plant Sci. 69: 71-79.
Joseph, K.D., Alley, M. M., Brann, D.E., and Gravelle, W. D. 1985. Row spacing and seeding rat effects on yield and yield components. Agronomy J. 77: 211-214.
Kazemie Arbat, H. 1999. Agronomy cereals crop. Pub. Tabriz University. (In Persian). PP. 246.
Kindred, D.R., Gooding, M.J. and Ellis, R.H. 2005. Nitrogen fertiliser and seed rate effects on Hagberg falling number of wheat hybrids and their parents are associated with alpha-amylase activity, grain cavity size and dormancy. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 85: 727–742.
Kindred, D., Verhoeven, M.O., Tamara, M., Weightman, R., Stuart Swanston, J., C. Agu, R., M. Brosnan, J., Sylvester-Bradley, R.,2008. Effects of variety and fertiliser nitrogen on alcohol yield, grain yield, starch and protein content, and protein composition of winter wheat. Journal of Cereal Science. 48: 46–57.
Lopez-Bellido, L., Castillo, J.E., Fuentes, M. and L´opez Garrido, F.J., 1998. Effects of tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization on wheat-grain quality grown under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Res. 80: 36-71.
Lopez-Bellido, L., Lopez-Bellido, R.-J., Castillo, J.E. and Lopez- Bellido, F.J., 2000. Effects of tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization on wheat under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Agron. J. 92: 1054–1063.
Long, D.S., Engel, R.E. and Carlson, G.R. 2000. Method for precision nitrogen management in spring wheat: II. Implementation. Precision Agric. 2 : 25–38.
Mcdonald, G. K. 1992; Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth, grain yield and grain protein concentration of wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 43: 949 – 967.
Moghaddam, M., Ehdaie, B. and Waines, J.D.G. 1997. Genetic variation and interrelationships of agronomic characters in landraces of bread wheat from southeastern Iran. Euphytica. 95: 361-369.
Mohammad Zadeh, J. and J. Jafarie. 2007. Evaluation of four varieties of wheat to produce pasta in Golestan province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1: 40-54.
Noor mohammadi, gh., S. A. Siadat, And A. Kashani. 2005. Agronomy cereals crop. Pub. martyr Chamran University. (In Persian). PP. 446.
Pilbeam, C. J., Mcneil, A. M. Harris, H. C. and Swift, R. S. 1997. Effect of fertilizer rate and from on the recovery ofN–Labelled fertilizer applied to wheat in Syria. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge). 128: 415–424.
Prystupa, P., Savin, R. and Slafer, G.A. 2004. Grain number and its relationship with dry matter, N and P in the spikes at heading in response to N×P fertilization in barley. Field Crops Res. 90: 245–254.
Rahnema, A., A. Bakhshandeh., A. Hashemie Dezfulie, Noormohammadi, 1999. The effect of number of tillers per plant on yield and yield components of durum wheat in different planting densities. Journal of Iranian Agricultural Sciences. 3: 24-34.
Rinaldi, M., 2004. Water availability at sowing and nitrogen management of durum wheat: a seasonal analysis with the CERES-Wheat model. Field Crops Research. 89: 27–37.
Sadegh Zadeh Ahari, d. 2006. Evaluation of growth habit of durum wheat germplasm and its association with some agronomic characteristics and grain yield in dry cold regions. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3: 601-612.
Seyyed Rahmany, S. 2003. Response of durum wheat at different weed densities. MsC. Thesis in Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agronomy, University of Tabriz (In Persian). PP. 122.
Shahsavarie, N. And M. Farahanie. 2005. The effect of nitrogen rate on yield and yield components in three wheat cultivars in Kerman. Journal of Research and development in agriculture and horticulture. 3: 82-89.
Shanahan, J.F., Donnelly, K.T., Smith, D.H. and Smike, D.E. 1995. Shoot development properties associated with grain yield in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 25: 770-774.
Thiry, D. E., Sears, R. G., Shroyer, J. P. and Paulsen, G. M. 2002. Planting date effects on tiller development and productivity of wheat. Agricultureal Experimental Station and Cooperative Service. Kansas University.
Zarin Abadi, A. And P. Ehsan Zadeh. 2003. Growth, yield and yield components of durum wheat genotypes under different planting densities in Isfahan. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 4: 129-140.
Zhou, X., Wang, H., Chen, Q. and Ren, J. 2007. Coupling effects of depth of film-bottomed tillage and amount of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on spring wheat yield. J. Soil & Tillage Research. 94: 251-261.
Abad, A., Lloveras, J. and A, Michelena. 2004. Nitrogen fertilization and foliar urea effects on durum wheat yield and quality and on residual soil nitrate in irrigated Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research. 87: 257–269.
AOCS, Ab-4-91, 1998. Official methods and recommended practices of the American oil chemists’ society, Fifth ed. American oil chemist society, champaign, IL, USA.
Arduini, I., Masoni, A., Ercoli, L. and M, Mariotti. 2006. Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate. Europ. J. Agronomy. 25.309-318.
Ayoub, M., Guertin, S., Fregeau-Reid, J. and D. L, Smith. 1994. Nitrigen fertilizer effect on breadmaking quality of hard red spring wheat in eastern Canada. Crop Sci.34: 1346-1352.
Baharie, M. 2001. Evaluation of seed rate and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and protein durum wheat. Papers summary in the 9 th Iranian Congress on Crop Production and Plant Breeding Tehran University. PP. 460.
Bakhshandeh, A. And A. Rahnema, 2006. Effect of seed rate and sowing date on the tiller, yield and yield components of six wheat cultivars, Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 3: 147-154.
Bohranie, A., And Z. Tahmasebi Sarvestani, 2005. Effect of nitrogen rate and time on qualitative and quantitative characteristics, efficient remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen in winter wheat cultivars. Journal of Iranian Agricultural Science, 36: (5): 1263-1271.
Bongiovanni, R.G., Robledo, C.W. and D.M, Lambert. 2007. Economics of site-specific nitrogen management for protein content in wheat. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 58:13–24.
Darwinkel, A. 1980. Ear development and formation of grain yield in winter wheat. Netherland. J. Agric. Sci. 23: 156-163.
Dawari, N. H. and Luthara, O.P. 1991. Character association studies under high and low environments in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Indian. J. Agric. Res. 25:68-72.
Donaldson, E., Schillinger, W. E. and Dofing, S. M. 2001. Straw production and grain yield relationships in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 41:100-106.
DuPont, F.M., Hurkman, W.J., Vensel, W.H., Chan, R., Lopez, R., Tanaka, C.K. and Altenbach, S.B. 2006. Differential accumulation of sulfur-rich and sulfur-poor wheat flour proteins is affected by temperature and mineral nutrition during grain development. Journal of Cereal Science. 44: 101–112.
Farzadie, H., S. A. Siadat, H. Nadian, and GH. Fathie. 2000. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on physiological and morphological characteristics of durum wheat in the Khuzestan province. Papers summary in Iranian Congress on Crop Production and Plant Breeding, Mazandaran University, Babolsar. PP. 500.
Fois, S., Motzo, R. and Giunta, F. 2009. The effect of nitrogenous fertiliser application on leaf traits in durum wheat in relation to grain yield and development. Field Crops Research. 110: 69–75.
Garrido-Lestache, E., L´opez-Bellido, R.J. and L´opez-Bellido, L. 2004. Effect of N rate, timing and splitting and N type on bread-making quality in hard red spring wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Res. 85: 213–236.
Garrido-Lestache, E., J. Lopez-Bellido, R., Lopez-Bellido, L. 2005. Durum wheat quality under Mediterranean conditions as affected by N rate, timing and splitting, N form and S fertilization. Europ. J. Agronomy. 23: 265–278.
Ghol Abadi, M. And. A. Arzanie. 2003. Evaluation of genetic diversity and factors analyse for agronomy characteristics in durum wheat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 1: 115-125.
Gooding, M.J., Ellis, R.H., Shewry, P.R. and Schofield, J.D. 2003. Effects of restricted water availability and increased temperature on the grain filling, drying and quality of winter wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 37: 295–309.
Govil, S. R. and Pandey, H. N. 1995. Expression of physiological characters associated with growth in wheat under competition.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 22: 26-29.
Grant, C.A., Brown, K.R., Racz, G.J. and Bailey, L.D. 2001. Influence of source, timing and placement of nitrogen on grain yield and nitrogen removal of durum wheat under reduced and conventional tillage management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81: 17–27.
Hassanzadeh Ghort Tappeh, A.,. A. Fathollah Zadeh, A. Nasrollahzadeh Asl, and N. Akhondie. 2008. Evaluation of yield components and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen uptake in wheat varieties and lines in West Azarbaijan province. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 1: 83-100.
Hiltbrunner, J., Streit, B. Liedgens, R. 2007. Are seeding densities an opportunity to increase grain yield of winter wheat in a living mulch of white clover? J. Field Crops Research. 102: 163-171.
Hucle, P. and Baker, R. J. 1989. Tillering patterns of spring wheat genotypes grown in a semiarid environment. Can. J. Plant Sci. 69: 71-79.
Joseph, K.D., Alley, M. M., Brann, D.E., and Gravelle, W. D. 1985. Row spacing and seeding rat effects on yield and yield components. Agronomy J. 77: 211-214.
Kazemie Arbat, H. 1999. Agronomy cereals crop. Pub. Tabriz University. (In Persian). PP. 246.
Kindred, D.R., Gooding, M.J. and Ellis, R.H. 2005. Nitrogen fertiliser and seed rate effects on Hagberg falling number of wheat hybrids and their parents are associated with alpha-amylase activity, grain cavity size and dormancy. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 85: 727–742.
Kindred, D., Verhoeven, M.O., Tamara, M., Weightman, R., Stuart Swanston, J., C. Agu, R., M. Brosnan, J., Sylvester-Bradley, R.,2008. Effects of variety and fertiliser nitrogen on alcohol yield, grain yield, starch and protein content, and protein composition of winter wheat. Journal of Cereal Science. 48: 46–57.
Lopez-Bellido, L., Castillo, J.E., Fuentes, M. and L´opez Garrido, F.J., 1998. Effects of tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization on wheat-grain quality grown under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Res. 80: 36-71.
Lopez-Bellido, L., Lopez-Bellido, R.-J., Castillo, J.E. and Lopez- Bellido, F.J., 2000. Effects of tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization on wheat under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Agron. J. 92: 1054–1063.
Long, D.S., Engel, R.E. and Carlson, G.R. 2000. Method for precision nitrogen management in spring wheat: II. Implementation. Precision Agric. 2 : 25–38.
Mcdonald, G. K. 1992; Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth, grain yield and grain protein concentration of wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 43: 949 – 967.
Moghaddam, M., Ehdaie, B. and Waines, J.D.G. 1997. Genetic variation and interrelationships of agronomic characters in landraces of bread wheat from southeastern Iran. Euphytica. 95: 361-369.
Mohammad Zadeh, J. and J. Jafarie. 2007. Evaluation of four varieties of wheat to produce pasta in Golestan province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1: 40-54.
Noor mohammadi, gh., S. A. Siadat, And A. Kashani. 2005. Agronomy cereals crop. Pub. martyr Chamran University. (In Persian). PP. 446.
Pilbeam, C. J., Mcneil, A. M. Harris, H. C. and Swift, R. S. 1997. Effect of fertilizer rate and from on the recovery ofN–Labelled fertilizer applied to wheat in Syria. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge). 128: 415–424.
Prystupa, P., Savin, R. and Slafer, G.A. 2004. Grain number and its relationship with dry matter, N and P in the spikes at heading in response to N×P fertilization in barley. Field Crops Res. 90: 245–254.
Rahnema, A., A. Bakhshandeh., A. Hashemie Dezfulie, Noormohammadi, 1999. The effect of number of tillers per plant on yield and yield components of durum wheat in different planting densities. Journal of Iranian Agricultural Sciences. 3: 24-34.
Rinaldi, M., 2004. Water availability at sowing and nitrogen management of durum wheat: a seasonal analysis with the CERES-Wheat model. Field Crops Research. 89: 27–37.
Sadegh Zadeh Ahari, d. 2006. Evaluation of growth habit of durum wheat germplasm and its association with some agronomic characteristics and grain yield in dry cold regions. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3: 601-612.
Seyyed Rahmany, S. 2003. Response of durum wheat at different weed densities. MsC. Thesis in Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agronomy, University of Tabriz (In Persian). PP. 122.
Shahsavarie, N. And M. Farahanie. 2005. The effect of nitrogen rate on yield and yield components in three wheat cultivars in Kerman. Journal of Research and development in agriculture and horticulture. 3: 82-89.
Shanahan, J.F., Donnelly, K.T., Smith, D.H. and Smike, D.E. 1995. Shoot development properties associated with grain yield in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 25: 770-774.
Thiry, D. E., Sears, R. G., Shroyer, J. P. and Paulsen, G. M. 2002. Planting date effects on tiller development and productivity of wheat. Agricultureal Experimental Station and Cooperative Service. Kansas University.
Zarin Abadi, A. And P. Ehsan Zadeh. 2003. Growth, yield and yield components of durum wheat genotypes under different planting densities in Isfahan. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 4: 129-140.
Zhou, X., Wang, H., Chen, Q. and Ren, J. 2007. Coupling effects of depth of film-bottomed tillage and amount of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on spring wheat yield. J. Soil & Tillage Research. 94: 251-261.