The Orogin and structure of Instrumental rationality and its criticism from the perspective of philosophy, economics and sociology
Subject Areas : Intellectual explorations
1 -
Keywords: Instrumental Rationality, Irrationalism, Structure, Dualism, Subjectivism ,
Abstract :
The main purpose of this research is to examine the Orogin and structure of Instrumental rationality and also to criticize it from the perspectives of philosophy, economics and sociology. The main hypothesis of the research is that Instrumental rationality as means of cognition emerged from The structure and pattern of identifying reason as a instrument for knowing the truth the and underwent a metamorphosis in Science has become different. The findings of the research indicate that rationality as a force of cognition in various human sciences is based on the dualistic structure of the mind and from the dualities such as reasonable/perceptible, subject/object, soul/body, goal/means, natural/artificial has appeared and It continued from the Enlightenment era by focusing on the duality of the means/goal, based on the rational aspect of the means (choosing the best tool that maximizes utility) and the irrationality of the goal (desires and values) . Nevertheless, following the new intellectual movements that have occurred in economics, sociology, philosophy, neuroscience, environment and computer science, instrumental rationality and its structural foundations have been subjected to many criticisms and the tendency towards the negation of human instrumentalism and Pettiness has more manifestations. The common outcome of these criticisms is the negation of the subject of belief, instrumental domination, exclusive individualism, the complete concept of rationality and the need to pay attention to the integration of man with nature, the negation of man's supremacy and dominance, and the interaction of man with the surrounding environment
References:
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Aristotle (2013), Metaphysics, Sharafuddin Khorasani, Tehran, Hekmat[In Persian]
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Bailey, Andrew (2019), Philosophy of Mind, Yasser Pourasmail, Tehran, Lega Publishing[In Persian]
Benson, John (2003), Environmental Ethics, Abdul Hossein Vahabzadeh, Tehran, Jihad University Press[In Persian]
Blaug, Mark (2006) ts Explain, second edition, Cambridge University Press.Digital Printing
boudon,R,(1998) Limitations of Rational Choice Theory, American Journal of Sociology,vol104,no3
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Copleston, Frederick (1991), History of Philosophy, Jalaluddin Mojtaboi, first volume, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publication[In Persian]
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Copleston, Frederick (2013), History of Philosophy, Dariush Ashuri, Volume 7, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications[In Persian]
Craib, Ian (2003), Classical Social Theory, Shahnaz Mesmaparst, Tehran, Aghah Publication[In Persian]
Damasio,1994,Descartes error:Emotion,Reason and Human brain,Putnam,newyork
Davodi, Alimurad (1970), Reason in Peripatetic school, Tehran, Mardambarz publication[In Persian]
Deleuse, Gilles & Felix Guattari (1987). A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Brian Massumi). Minneapolity: University of Minnesota Peres
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Johnson, Mark (2019), Embodied Mind, Meaning, and Reason: How Our Bodies Give Rise to understanding, Jahanshah Mirza Beigi, Tehran, agah publication[In Persian]
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Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). "Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk". Econometrica, No.47, p. 263-291
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (2000). Choices, Values and Frames. Princeton University Press. Kamro,
Kahneman, D. (1994). "New challenges to the rationality assumption". Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 150(1), p. 18-36.
Karaib, Ian (2012), Modern Social Theory, Abbas Mokhbar, Tehran, Aghah Publication[In Persian]
Keith Meslin (2015) - Philosophy of Mind - Mehdi Zakari, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications[In Persian]
Kenny, Anthony(2006), A New History of Western Philosophy, vol.1, Oxford University press,
Khakpour, Mohammad (2019), "Nietzsche and Saeb: two petty thinkers", Philosophical Reflections, vol. 24[In Persian]
Kirk; Raven; Schofield (1983), The Presocratic Philosophers (second ed.), Cambridge University Press. See pp. 204 & 235
Kompridis, Nikolas (2000). "So We Need Something Else for Reason to Mean". International Journal of Philosophical Studies. 8 (3): 271–295
Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. 2nd edition, 1986. 3rd edition, Routledge, London
Lakoff, George, Johnson, Mark, (2021) Metaphors that we live by, Jahanshah Mirza Beigi, Tehran,agahpub [In Persian]
Lamont, Michele (1987). "How to Become a Dominant French Philosopher: The Case of Jacques Derrida" American Journal of Sociology. 93 (3
Lessenoff Michael (1996)-15 political philosophers of the 20th century, translated by Khashayar Dehimi, Tehran, Mahi publication[In Persian]
Lewis A. Coser, (2004), Sociological Theories, Farhang Ershad, Tehran, Ney Publishing[In Persian]
losee,john(2001),A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science,Fourth edition, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS,
Machlup, Fritz (1978). Methodology of Economics and other Social Sciences, New York and London Academic Press. Inc
Markie, P. (2004), "Rationalism vs. Empiricism" in Edward D. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Eprin
Markwica, Robin (2018). Emotional Choices: How the Logic of Affect Shapes Coercive Diplomacy (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Marwala,(2017), Rational Choice and Artificial Intelligence, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.10098
Mashhadi, Ali & Keshavarz, Ismail (2013), "Reflection on the Philosophical Foundations of the Right to a Healthy Environment", Islamic Law Quarterly of Imam Sadiq University, No. 2, pp. 47-70[In Persian]
Moghaddis, Ali Asghar & Islam, Ali Reza, (2016)" Exploration of rational choice theory with emphasis on Michael Hector's opinions", Journal of Social Sciences of Ferdowsi University, pp. 211-175[In Persian]
Motamedi, Mansour & Abdi, Wali (2012), "an analytical and critical approach to the concept of Logos from ancient Greece to the Church Fathers", Islamic Studies: Philosophy and Kalam, pp. 128-105[In Persian]
Næss, Arne (1989) [1976]. Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Translated by David Rothenberg. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press
Nagl,L,2022, Digital Technology: Reflections on the Difference between Instrumental Rationality and Practical Reason, Kantian Journal, Vol. 41. №
Nash, Roderick (1990), The Rights of Nature, A History of Environmental ethics , University of Wisconsin Press
Novack, George, (2005) Empiricist Philosophy, Parviz Babaei, Tehran, Azadmehr Publishing[In Persian]
Oppy, Graham & Dowe, David (2011) The Turing Test Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Plato (1374), Republic, Fouad Rouhani, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications
Pojman, Louis, (2013), Environmental Ethics, Mohsen Talasi, Tehran, Development Publishing House
Putnam.H(1960).Minds and Machines, ,university of newyork perss
Qanbari, Hassan (2016), "the epistemological field of reason according to Aristotle:, Islamic Philosophy and Theology Quarterly, No. 53[In Persian]
Ralph Hertwig,(2022) Studies in Ecological Rationality, Topics in Cognitive Science,
Renani and others (2012), "criticism of classical rationality; Simon's bounded rationality approach", Comparative Economics Quarterly-Number 2-pp.77-99[In Persian]
Renani-Mohsen and others (2016)-" Criticism of rational choice from the point of view of competing approaches": Economic Studies Quarterly-Number 73[In Persian]
Ritzer, George (1995), Sociological theories, Mohammad Sadaq Mahdavi et al., Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University Press. [In Persian]
Ritzer, George (2003) Sociological theory in the contemporary era - translator: Mohsen solasi, Tehran, scientific publication[In Persian]
-Sahotra, Sarkar (2011) , A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology, WileyBlakwell Publication
Sajjadi and Vadigran, (2017) "Explanation of the epistemology of Gilles Deleuze and Allameh Tabatabai and criticism of the challenges of rhizomatic approach", epistemological studies in Islamic University, Volume 2[In Persian]
Sajjadi, Syedmehdi, Panahan, Maryam (2013), "a reflection on the evolution of the concept and place of reason in the ancient Greek and medieval periods and its implications for education", Shahid Chamran University Educational Sciences Journal, number 2, pp. 25-44[In Persian]
Schmidtz, D. (1993), “Reasons for Altruism”, Social Philosophy and Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 52-68
Searle, J. R. (2007). Freedom and Neurobiology: Reflections on Free Will, Language, and Political Power. Columbia University Press
Sediqi, Behrang (2009)," Anthony Giddens' Theory of Construction", Social Research Quarterly, No. 9, pp. 141-167[In Persian]
Shrader-Frechette, Kristin (1987). "Reviewed Work: Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics by Paul W. Taylor". Ecology Law Quarterly. 14 (2)
Simon, H. (1990). Bounded Rationality. In: Utility and Probability. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate & P. Newman (Eds.). New York: Norton.
Simon, Herbert A. (1955). "A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 69 (1): 99–118
Singer, Peter (1989), All Animals are Equal, New Jersey
Smith, V. L. (1991). "Rational Choice: The Contrast between Economics and Psychology". Journal of Political Economy, 99, 877–897/
Spinks, Lee (2008), Friedrich Nietzsche , translated by Reza Valiyari, Tehran, Nashmarkaz
Stroll, Avrum, (2012) Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy, Fereydoun Fatemi, Tehran, Merkaz pub, [In Persian]
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig,(2010) Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach,prentice hall
Stenmark, Mikaeal, Rationality in Science, Religion, and Everyday Life, University of Notre Dame Press (1995
Taylor, Seth (2013) Left-Wing Nietzscheans: The Politics of German Expressionism 1910-1920, Walter de Gruyter
Tosli, Gholam Abbas (1400), Sociological Theories, Tehran, Samet Publications [In Persian]
Tshilidzi Marwala(2017), Rational Choice and Artificial Intelligence, University of Johannesburg
Turner,janathon H(1998),the structure of sociological theory,wadworth publishing company
Wali Abbas, Mohammadi Mohammad Karim (2011), "Politics as Communicative Rationality", Specialized Quarterly of Political Science, Vol 14
Weber, Max (1382), Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism, Abdul Karim Rashidian, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications[In Persian]
Wilkinson, N. & Klaes, M. (2012). An Introduction to Behavioral Economics. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Youngsteadt, E. (2008). Case Cl
Abbaspour, Ebrahim (2017), 'Methodological investigation of Habermas' theory of subjective action with a critical approach', Cultural and Social Knowledge, 64 - No. 2, pp. 35-64[In Persian]
Ahmadi, Babak (2012), Modernity and Critical Thought, Tehran, Markaz [In Persian]
Aristotle (1987), about self, Ali Murad Davoudi, Tehran, Hikmat[In Persian]
Aristotle (2013), Metaphysics, Sharafuddin Khorasani, Tehran, Hekmat[In Persian]
Aron, Rymond (2012), Basic stages of the course of thought in sociology, translated by Baqir Parham, Scientific and Cultural Publications, Tehran [In Persian]
Arvan, M., & Maley, C. J. (2022). Panpsychism and AI consciousness. Synthese, 200(3
Beck, Jacob (2019). Perception is Analog: The Argument from Weber’s Law. The Journal of Philosophy 116(6): 319-49
Bailey, Andrew (2019), Philosophy of Mind, Yasser Pourasmail, Tehran, Lega Publishing[In Persian]
Benson, John (2003), Environmental Ethics, Abdul Hossein Vahabzadeh, Tehran, Jihad University Press[In Persian]
Blaug, Mark (2006) ts Explain, second edition, Cambridge University Press.Digital Printing
boudon,R,(1998) Limitations of Rational Choice Theory, American Journal of Sociology,vol104,no3
Brunswik, E. (2001). Scope and aspects of the cognitive problem. In K. R. Hammond & T. R. Stewart (Eds.), The essential Brunswik: Beginnings, explications,applications (pp. 300–312). New York, NY: Oxford University Press/
Coleman, James S. The Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA, 1990: Belknap of Harvard UP. pp. 300–318
Coleman, James, (1998) Foundations of Social Theory, translated by Manouchehr Sabouri, Tehran: Nei Publishing[In Persian]
Copleston, Frederick (1991), History of Philosophy, Jalaluddin Mojtaboi, first volume, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publication[In Persian]
Copleston, Frederick (2010), History of Philosophy, Amir Jalaluddin Aalam, Volume 5, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications[In Persian]
Copleston, Frederick (2013), History of Philosophy, Dariush Ashuri, Volume 7, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications[In Persian]
Craib, Ian (2003), Classical Social Theory, Shahnaz Mesmaparst, Tehran, Aghah Publication[In Persian]
Damasio,1994,Descartes error:Emotion,Reason and Human brain,Putnam,newyork
Davodi, Alimurad (1970), Reason in Peripatetic school, Tehran, Mardambarz publication[In Persian]
Deleuse, Gilles & Felix Guattari (1987). A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Brian Massumi). Minneapolity: University of Minnesota Peres
Deleuse, Gilles (1994). Difference and Repetition. New York: Columbia University Press
Dennett,1987,Mid-term examination, The Journal of Philosophy,Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. p339-350
Duchaine, B., Cosmides L. and J. Tooby (2001), “Evolutionary Psychology and the Brain”, Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 11
Elster, J. (1991), Rationality and Social Norms, European Journal of Sociology, Vol. 32, No. 1
Émile Bréhier, (2006), History of 17th century philosophy, Ismail Saadat, Tehran, Hermes Publishing[In Persian]
Engelen, B. (2005), The Politics-Economics-Ethics Continuum Revisited, Romanian Journal of Bioethics, Vol. 3, No.
Engelen,(2007), Rationality and Institutions: an Inquiry into the Normative implications of Rational Choice Theory (Doctoral Dissertation),Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Retrieved from,
Erwin Dekker and Blaž Remic,(2019) "Two types of Ecological Rationality: Or how to best combine psychology and economics",Journal of economic methodology ,pp291-306
Eugenio Kavanagh, Andre (2019), Theories of Consciousness, Saeed Sabbaghipour, Tehran, Arjamand [In Persian]
Farabi, Abu Nasr (1981), Opinions of the People of a Virtuous City. Translated by Seyyed Jafar Sajjadi, Tehran: Tahori, [In Persian]
Foka-Kavalieraki, Y. and Aristides N. Hatzis (2011), "Rational after All: Toward an Improved Theory of Rationality in Economics", Revue de Philosophie Economique, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-51
Ghalib, Fatemeh and others (2014), "an analytical review on the integration of agency and structure in Pierre Bourdieu's thought", Contemporary Sociological Researches, No. 6, pp. 117-143[In Persian]
Ghazali, Imam Muhammad, Ihya Ulum al-Din, Volume 1, Qom, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi,[In Arabian]
Gigerenzer, Gerd; Todd, Peter M.(2012); The ABC Research Group (eds.). Ecological Rationality: Intelligence in the World. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 487–497
Gill, John (2009). Andalucía : a cultural history. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Heckethorn, C.W. (2011). The Secret Societies of All Ages & Countries (Two Volumes in One). Cosimo Classics
Ibn Sina (1404 BC) Al-Shifa - Book of Evidence; Corrected by Ibrahim Madkour; Qom: Ayatollah Najafi Marashi Library,[In Arabian]
Javadi Yeganeh, Mohammad Reza, (2007), "sociological approaches of rational choice theory", culture strategy magazine, number 3, pp. 33-64[In Persian]
Johnson, Mark (2019), Embodied Mind, Meaning, and Reason: How Our Bodies Give Rise to understanding, Jahanshah Mirza Beigi, Tehran, agah publication[In Persian]
Johnson, Mark (2019), The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason, Jahanshah Mirza Beigi, Tehran, Aghah Publication[In Persian]
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). "Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk". Econometrica, No.47, p. 263-291
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (2000). Choices, Values and Frames. Princeton University Press. Kamro,
Kahneman, D. (1994). "New challenges to the rationality assumption". Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 150(1), p. 18-36.
Karaib, Ian (2012), Modern Social Theory, Abbas Mokhbar, Tehran, Aghah Publication[In Persian]
Keith Meslin (2015) - Philosophy of Mind - Mehdi Zakari, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications[In Persian]
Kenny, Anthony(2006), A New History of Western Philosophy, vol.1, Oxford University press,
Khakpour, Mohammad (2019), "Nietzsche and Saeb: two petty thinkers", Philosophical Reflections, vol. 24[In Persian]
Kirk; Raven; Schofield (1983), The Presocratic Philosophers (second ed.), Cambridge University Press. See pp. 204 & 235
Kompridis, Nikolas (2000). "So We Need Something Else for Reason to Mean". International Journal of Philosophical Studies. 8 (3): 271–295
Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. 2nd edition, 1986. 3rd edition, Routledge, London
Lakoff, George, Johnson, Mark, (2021) Metaphors that we live by, Jahanshah Mirza Beigi, Tehran,agahpub [In Persian]
Lamont, Michele (1987). "How to Become a Dominant French Philosopher: The Case of Jacques Derrida" American Journal of Sociology. 93 (3
Lessenoff Michael (1996)-15 political philosophers of the 20th century, translated by Khashayar Dehimi, Tehran, Mahi publication[In Persian]
Lewis A. Coser, (2004), Sociological Theories, Farhang Ershad, Tehran, Ney Publishing[In Persian]
losee,john(2001),A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science,Fourth edition, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS,
Machlup, Fritz (1978). Methodology of Economics and other Social Sciences, New York and London Academic Press. Inc
Markie, P. (2004), "Rationalism vs. Empiricism" in Edward D. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Eprin
Markwica, Robin (2018). Emotional Choices: How the Logic of Affect Shapes Coercive Diplomacy (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Marwala,(2017), Rational Choice and Artificial Intelligence, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.10098
Mashhadi, Ali & Keshavarz, Ismail (2013), "Reflection on the Philosophical Foundations of the Right to a Healthy Environment", Islamic Law Quarterly of Imam Sadiq University, No. 2, pp. 47-70[In Persian]
Moghaddis, Ali Asghar & Islam, Ali Reza, (2016)" Exploration of rational choice theory with emphasis on Michael Hector's opinions", Journal of Social Sciences of Ferdowsi University, pp. 211-175[In Persian]
Motamedi, Mansour & Abdi, Wali (2012), "an analytical and critical approach to the concept of Logos from ancient Greece to the Church Fathers", Islamic Studies: Philosophy and Kalam, pp. 128-105[In Persian]
Næss, Arne (1989) [1976]. Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Translated by David Rothenberg. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press
Nagl,L,2022, Digital Technology: Reflections on the Difference between Instrumental Rationality and Practical Reason, Kantian Journal, Vol. 41. №
Nash, Roderick (1990), The Rights of Nature, A History of Environmental ethics , University of Wisconsin Press
Novack, George, (2005) Empiricist Philosophy, Parviz Babaei, Tehran, Azadmehr Publishing[In Persian]
Oppy, Graham & Dowe, David (2011) The Turing Test Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Plato (1374), Republic, Fouad Rouhani, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications
Pojman, Louis, (2013), Environmental Ethics, Mohsen Talasi, Tehran, Development Publishing House
Putnam.H(1960).Minds and Machines, ,university of newyork perss
Qanbari, Hassan (2016), "the epistemological field of reason according to Aristotle:, Islamic Philosophy and Theology Quarterly, No. 53[In Persian]
Ralph Hertwig,(2022) Studies in Ecological Rationality, Topics in Cognitive Science,
Renani and others (2012), "criticism of classical rationality; Simon's bounded rationality approach", Comparative Economics Quarterly-Number 2-pp.77-99[In Persian]
Renani-Mohsen and others (2016)-" Criticism of rational choice from the point of view of competing approaches": Economic Studies Quarterly-Number 73[In Persian]
Ritzer, George (1995), Sociological theories, Mohammad Sadaq Mahdavi et al., Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University Press. [In Persian]
Ritzer, George (2003) Sociological theory in the contemporary era - translator: Mohsen solasi, Tehran, scientific publication[In Persian]
-Sahotra, Sarkar (2011) , A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology, WileyBlakwell Publication
Sajjadi and Vadigran, (2017) "Explanation of the epistemology of Gilles Deleuze and Allameh Tabatabai and criticism of the challenges of rhizomatic approach", epistemological studies in Islamic University, Volume 2[In Persian]
Sajjadi, Syedmehdi, Panahan, Maryam (2013), "a reflection on the evolution of the concept and place of reason in the ancient Greek and medieval periods and its implications for education", Shahid Chamran University Educational Sciences Journal, number 2, pp. 25-44[In Persian]
Schmidtz, D. (1993), “Reasons for Altruism”, Social Philosophy and Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 52-68
Searle, J. R. (2007). Freedom and Neurobiology: Reflections on Free Will, Language, and Political Power. Columbia University Press
Sediqi, Behrang (2009)," Anthony Giddens' Theory of Construction", Social Research Quarterly, No. 9, pp. 141-167[In Persian]
Shrader-Frechette, Kristin (1987). "Reviewed Work: Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics by Paul W. Taylor". Ecology Law Quarterly. 14 (2)
Simon, H. (1990). Bounded Rationality. In: Utility and Probability. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate & P. Newman (Eds.). New York: Norton.
Simon, Herbert A. (1955). "A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 69 (1): 99–118
Singer, Peter (1989), All Animals are Equal, New Jersey
Smith, V. L. (1991). "Rational Choice: The Contrast between Economics and Psychology". Journal of Political Economy, 99, 877–897/
Spinks, Lee (2008), Friedrich Nietzsche , translated by Reza Valiyari, Tehran, Nashmarkaz
Stroll, Avrum, (2012) Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy, Fereydoun Fatemi, Tehran, Merkaz pub, [In Persian]
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig,(2010) Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach,prentice hall
Stenmark, Mikaeal, Rationality in Science, Religion, and Everyday Life, University of Notre Dame Press (1995
Taylor, Seth (2013) Left-Wing Nietzscheans: The Politics of German Expressionism 1910-1920, Walter de Gruyter
Tosli, Gholam Abbas (1400), Sociological Theories, Tehran, Samet Publications [In Persian]
Tshilidzi Marwala(2017), Rational Choice and Artificial Intelligence, University of Johannesburg
Turner,janathon H(1998),the structure of sociological theory,wadworth publishing company
Wali Abbas, Mohammadi Mohammad Karim (2011), "Politics as Communicative Rationality", Specialized Quarterly of Political Science, Vol 14
Weber, Max (1382), Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism, Abdul Karim Rashidian, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications[In Persian]
Wilkinson, N. & Klaes, M. (2012). An Introduction to Behavioral Economics. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Youngsteadt, E. (2008). Case Cl