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Manuscript ID : JAPAD-2207-1173 (R1) Visit : 158 Page: 70 - 83

20.1001.1.17359880.1401.16.1.6.3

Article Type: Original Research

The effect of TRX training on nitric oxide and homocysteine levels as indicators of vascular endothelial and inflammation in inactive obese women

Subject Areas :

shima Ghardashkgani gerde 1 , Abdolali Banaeifar 2 , saeid sedaghati 3 , yaser kazemzadeh 4 , keyvan molanorouzi 5

1 - Phd student of exercise physiology Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr,
2 - Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch..
4 - Assistant Professor . Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch..
5 - Assistant Professor .Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch..

Received: 2022-07-05 Accepted : 2022-12-17 Published : 2022-12-22

Keywords: TRX, nitric oxide, Homocysteine, obese women,

Abstract :

Introduction & Objective:  Recent studies suggest that obesity plays an effective role in the occurrence of inflammation; on the other hand, inflammation can affect on function of vascular endothelium. High levels of homocysteine ​​can lead to inflammation and vascular endothelium damage. Nitric oxide is also considered as one of the influencing factors on endothelial function. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of 8 weeks of TRX training on the levels of homocysteine ​​(Hcy) and nitric oxide (NO) in inactive obese women. Material and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 28 obese women with a mean age of 44.34 ±0.82 years were randomly divided into TRX (n = 16) and control (n = 16) groups. The experimental group program consisted of TRX training for eight weeks and three days a week for 50-60 minutes. Serum levels of homocysteine, nitric oxide were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. Independent and dependent t-tests were used to examine the differences between groups and within-group changes. Result:After eight weeks of TRX training, comparison results within and between groups are displayed that the mean homocysteine index in the exercise group decreased significantly compared to the control group (p = 0.01). Also, exercise led to an increase in nitric oxide levels in obese women, although this increase was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it seems that doing TRX training can be effective as an exercise method in reducing inflammation and improving endothelial function in obese women.

References:


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    2.
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    3.
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    4.
  4. Ghahramani M. Comparison of The Effect of Aerobic Training in Sea Water and Beach on Endothelial Function, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Overweight Elderly Men. Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology. 2020 ;7(2):73-80.10.
    5.
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  8. Valeh S, Fatolahi H, Azarbayjani MA. Effect of eight weeks of low, moderate, and high-intensity TRX training on hot flashes, mood, fat percentage, and muscular endurance in postmenopausal women. Apunts Sports Medicine. 2020 ;55(207):97-103.
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  11. Chiang FF, Wang HM, Lan YC, Yang MH, Huang SC, Huang YC: High homocysteine is associated with increased risk of  colorectal  cancer  independently  of  oxidative  stress  and antioxidant  capacities.  Clin  Nutr  2014;   33: 1054–1060.
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    14.
  14. Dow CA, Stauffer  BL,  Brunjes  DL,  Greiner  JJ, DeSouza  CA.  Regular  aerobic  exercise  reduces endothelin-1-  mediated  vasoconstrictor  tone  in overweight  and  obese  adults.  Experimental  Physiology. 2017; 102(9):1133-1142.
    15.
  15. Pedrinolla A, Venturelli M, Kirmizi E, Moschetta F, Zardini M, Rudi  D,  et  al.  Role  of  Exercise  in  Vascular Function  and  Inflammatory  Profile  in  Age-Related Obesity.  Journal  of  Immunology  Research.  2018; 7134235:9.
    16.
  16. Ghardashi Afousi A, Gaeini A, Gholami Borujeni B. The effect of aerobic interval training on endothelial vasculature function in type 2 diabetes patient. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2016;2(3):27-39.
    17.
  17. Hojatoleslami L, Tadibi V, Behpoor N. Effect of eight weeks aerobic training on nitric oxide and apelin levels in women with pre-hypertension. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2019 ;12(2):107-18.
    18.
  18. Teixeira TG, Tibana RA, Nascimento DdC, de Sousa NMF, de Souza VC, Vieira DCL, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase Glu298Asp gene polymorphism influences body composition and biochemical parameters but not the nitric oxide response to eccentric resistance exercise in elderly obese women. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2016 ;36(6):482-9.
    19.
  19. Hudlicka O, Brown MD. Adaptation of skeletal muscle microvasculature to increased or decreased blood flow: role of shear stress, nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor. Journal of vascular research. 2009;46(5):504-12.
    20.
  20. Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Plewa M, Janowska J. The effect of short-term exercise on nitric oxide (no) serum concentrations in overweight and obese women. Biology of Sport. 2008;25(2):125.
    21.
  21. Cunningham K. Gotlieb AI. The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis Lab Invest. 2005;85:9-23.
    22.
  22. Park S, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. PECAM-1 isoforms, eNOS and endoglin axis in regulation of angiogenesis. Clinical Science. 2015;129(3):217-34.
    23.
  23. Behmardi T, Banitalebi E, Ghafari M. Effects of Combined training strength and endurance on serum levels of homocysteine in elderly inactive woman. 2018.
    24.
  24. Mir E, Fathei M, Sayeedi MM, Hejazi K. The effect of eight weeks combined training (aerobic-resistance) on homocysteine, C-reactive protein and lipid profile in inactive elderly men. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. 2015;36(6):80-6.
    25.
  25. Namazi, A., Aghaalinejad, H., Peeri, M., & Rahbarizadeh, F. (2010). The effects of short term circuit resistance training on serum homocysteine and CRP concentrations in active and inactive females. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12(2), 169-201.‏
    26.
  26. Subaşı SS, Gelecek N, Aksakoğlu G, Örmen M. Effects of two different exercise trainings on plasma homocysteine
    27.

levels and other cardiovascular disease risks. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry/Turk Biyokimya Dergisi. 2012;37(3).

  1. Chang L, Zhao J, Xu J, Jiang W, Tang CS, Qi YF. Effects of taurine and homocysteine on calcium homeostasis and hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions in rat myocardial mitochondria. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology. 2004;31(4):237-43.
    2.
  2. Choi JK, Moon KM, Jung SY, Kim JY, Choi SH, Kang S, et al. Regular exercise training increases the number of endothelial progenitor cells and decreases homocysteine levels in healthy peripheral blood. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology. 2014;18(2):163-8.
    3.
  3. Bennett PN, Breugelmans L, Barnard R, Agius M, Chan D, Fraser D, et al., editors. Sustaining a hemodialysis exercise program: a review. Seminars in dialysis;2010: Wiley Online Library.
    4.
  4. Wang J, You D, Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang D, Lv J, et al. Association between homocysteine and obesity: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Evidence‐Based Medicine. 2021;14(3):208-17.
    5.
  5. Ganguly P, Alam SF. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition journal. 2015;14(1):1-10.
    6.
  6. Kołodziejczyk J, Malinowska J, Nowak P, Olas B. Comparison of the effect of homocysteine and its thiolactone on the fibrinolytic system using human plasma and purified plasminogen. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2010;344(1):217-20.
    7.
  7. Lai WKC, Kan MY. Homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2015;67(1):1-12.
    8.

 

 

_||_

  1. Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, Gortmaker SL, Brown M. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. The Lancet.2011;378(9793):815-25.
    2.
  2. Engin A. The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity and lipotoxicity.2017:1-17.
    3.
  3. Castro A, Macedo-de La Concha L, Pantoja-Meléndez C. Low-grade inflammation and its relation to obesity and chronic degenerative diseases. Revista Médica del Hospital General de México. 2017;80(2):101-5.
    4.
  4. Mengozzi A, Masi S, Virdis A. Obesity-Related Endothelial Dysfunction: moving from classical to emerging mechanisms. Endocrine and Metabolic Science. 2020;1(3-4):100063.
    5.
  5. Burcelin R, Serino M, Chabo C, Blasco-Baque V, Amar J. Gut microbiota and diabetes: from pathogenesis to therapeutic perspective. Acta diabetologica. 2011;48(4):257-73.
    6.
  6. Virdis A, Santini F, Colucci R, Duranti E, Salvetti G, Rugani I, et al. Vascular generation of tumor necrosis factor-α reduces nitric oxide availability in small arteries from visceral fat of obese patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;58(3):238-47.
    7.
  7. Virdis A, Taddei S. Endothelial dysfunction in resistance arteries of hypertensive humans: old and new conspirators. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 2016;67(6):451-7.
    8.
  8. Zhao W, Robbins ME. Inflammation and chronic oxidative stress in radiation-induced late normal tissue injury: therapeutic implications. Current medicinal chemistry. 2009;16(2):130-43..
    9.
  9. Kanthe PS, Patil BS, Bagali S, Shaikh GB, Aithala M. Atherogenic index
    10.

 

 as a predictor of cardiovascular risk among women with different grades of obesity. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. 2012;4(10):0-.

  1. Cheng Z-J, Yang X, Wang H. Hyperhomocysteinemia and endothelial dysfunction. Current hypertension reviews. 2009;5(2):158-65.
    2.
  2. Kerkeni M, Addad F, Chauffert M, Chuniaud L, Miled A, Trivin F, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia, paraoxonase activity and risk of coronary artery disease. Clinical biochemistry. 2006;39(8):821-5.
    3.
  3. Soori R, Choopani S, Falahian N, Ramezankhani A. Effect of physical activity on serum homocysteine levels in obese and overweight women. The Horizon of Medical Sciences.2016 ;22(4):307-12.
    4.
  4. Ghahramani M. Comparison of The Effect of Aerobic Training in Sea Water and Beach on Endothelial Function, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Overweight Elderly Men. Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology. 2020 ;7(2):73-80.10.
    5.
  5. Emamdoost S, Faramarzi M, Bagheri L, Otadi K, Naeeni E, Yazdani T, et al. The effect of concurrent resistance and aerobic training on serum level of homocysteine and lipid profile in overweight men. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2015 ;20(1).
    6.
  6. Antunes HKM, De Mello MT, de Aquino Lemos V, Santos-Galduróz RF, Galdieri LC, Bueno OFA, et al. Aerobic physical exercise improved the cognitive function of elderly males but did not modify their blood homocysteine levels. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra. 2015 ;5(1):13-24.
    7.
  7. Marta C, Alves AR, Esteves PT, Casanova N, Marinho D, Neiva HP, et al. Effects of suspension versus traditional resistance training on explosive strength in elementary school-aged boys. Pediatric Exercise Science. 2019 ;31(4):473-9.
    8.
  8. Valeh S, Fatolahi H, Azarbayjani MA. Effect of eight weeks of low, moderate, and high-intensity TRX training on hot flashes, mood, fat percentage, and muscular endurance in postmenopausal women. Apunts Sports Medicine. 2020 ;55(207):97-103.
    9.
  9. Okura T, Rankinen T, Gagnon J, Lussier-Cacan S, Davignon J, Leon AS, et al. Effect of regular exercise on homocysteine concentrations: the HERITAGE Family Study. European journal of applied physiology. 2006;98(4):394-401.
    10.
  10. Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW: Homocysteine and stroke. Curr OpinNeurol 2001; 14: 95–102.
    11.
  11. Chiang FF, Wang HM, Lan YC, Yang MH, Huang SC, Huang YC: High homocysteine is associated with increased risk of  colorectal  cancer  independently  of  oxidative  stress  and antioxidant  capacities.  Clin  Nutr  2014;   33: 1054–1060.
    12.
  12. Green DJ, Spence A, Halliwill JR, Cable NT, Thijssen DHJEp. (2011). Exercise and vascular adaptation in asymptomatic humans; 96(2):57-70.
    13.
  13. Shekarchizadeh P, Khazaei M, Gharakhanlou R, Karimian J, Safarzadeh AR. The Effects of Resistance Training on Plasma Angiogenic Factors in Normal Rats. Journal of isfahan medical school. 2012 ;30(176).
    14.
  14. Dow CA, Stauffer  BL,  Brunjes  DL,  Greiner  JJ, DeSouza  CA.  Regular  aerobic  exercise  reduces endothelin-1-  mediated  vasoconstrictor  tone  in overweight  and  obese  adults.  Experimental  Physiology. 2017; 102(9):1133-1142.
    15.
  15. Pedrinolla A, Venturelli M, Kirmizi E, Moschetta F, Zardini M, Rudi  D,  et  al.  Role  of  Exercise  in  Vascular Function  and  Inflammatory  Profile  in  Age-Related Obesity.  Journal  of  Immunology  Research.  2018; 7134235:9.
    16.
  16. Ghardashi Afousi A, Gaeini A, Gholami Borujeni B. The effect of aerobic interval training on endothelial vasculature function in type 2 diabetes patient. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2016;2(3):27-39.
    17.
  17. Hojatoleslami L, Tadibi V, Behpoor N. Effect of eight weeks aerobic training on nitric oxide and apelin levels in women with pre-hypertension. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2019 ;12(2):107-18.
    18.
  18. Teixeira TG, Tibana RA, Nascimento DdC, de Sousa NMF, de Souza VC, Vieira DCL, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase Glu298Asp gene polymorphism influences body composition and biochemical parameters but not the nitric oxide response to eccentric resistance exercise in elderly obese women. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2016 ;36(6):482-9.
    19.
  19. Hudlicka O, Brown MD. Adaptation of skeletal muscle microvasculature to increased or decreased blood flow: role of shear stress, nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor. Journal of vascular research. 2009;46(5):504-12.
    20.
  20. Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Plewa M, Janowska J. The effect of short-term exercise on nitric oxide (no) serum concentrations in overweight and obese women. Biology of Sport. 2008;25(2):125.
    21.
  21. Cunningham K. Gotlieb AI. The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis Lab Invest. 2005;85:9-23.
    22.
  22. Park S, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. PECAM-1 isoforms, eNOS and endoglin axis in regulation of angiogenesis. Clinical Science. 2015;129(3):217-34.
    23.
  23. Behmardi T, Banitalebi E, Ghafari M. Effects of Combined training strength and endurance on serum levels of homocysteine in elderly inactive woman. 2018.
    24.
  24. Mir E, Fathei M, Sayeedi MM, Hejazi K. The effect of eight weeks combined training (aerobic-resistance) on homocysteine, C-reactive protein and lipid profile in inactive elderly men. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. 2015;36(6):80-6.
    25.
  25. Namazi, A., Aghaalinejad, H., Peeri, M., & Rahbarizadeh, F. (2010). The effects of short term circuit resistance training on serum homocysteine and CRP concentrations in active and inactive females. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12(2), 169-201.‏
    26.
  26. Subaşı SS, Gelecek N, Aksakoğlu G, Örmen M. Effects of two different exercise trainings on plasma homocysteine levels and other cardiovascular disease risks. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry/Turk Biyokimya Dergisi. 2012;37(3).
    27.


  1. Chang L, Zhao J, Xu J, Jiang W, Tang CS, Qi YF. Effects of taurine and homocysteine on calcium homeostasis and hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions in rat myocardial mitochondria. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology. 2004;31(4):237-43.
    2.
  2. Choi JK, Moon KM, Jung SY, Kim JY, Choi SH, Kang S, et al. Regular exercise training increases the number of endothelial progenitor cells and decreases homocysteine levels in healthy peripheral blood. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology. 2014;18(2):163-8.
    3.
  3. Bennett PN, Breugelmans L, Barnard R, Agius M, Chan D, Fraser D, et al., editors. Sustaining a hemodialysis exercise program: a review. Seminars in dialysis;2010: Wiley Online Library.
    4.
  4. Wang J, You D, Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang D, Lv J, et al. Association between homocysteine and obesity: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Evidence‐Based Medicine. 2021;14(3):208-17.
    5.
  5. Ganguly P, Alam SF. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition journal. 2015;14(1):1-10.
    6.
  6. Kołodziejczyk J, Malinowska J, Nowak P, Olas B. Comparison of the effect of homocysteine and its thiolactone on the fibrinolytic system using human plasma and purified plasminogen. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2010;344(1):217-20.
    7.
  7. Lai WKC, Kan MY. Homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2015;67(1):1-12.
    8.

 

 

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