Position of UAV in International Law
Subject Areas : International Relations
Hadi Ajili
1
(Assistant Professo at the Allameh Universityr)
Seyyed Mohsen Sajjadi
2
(Graduated in Peace and Security, in the School of International Relations , Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
Monireh Karami
3
(MA Student at the Allameh University)
Keywords: International law, Unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV, international humanitarian law, Chicago treaty, multilateral export control regimes,
Abstract :
New technologies, including automatic and self-propelled UAVs, have always been discussed, whose application and use are subject to one of the rules of international law, and whether current international law is at all capable of responding to advances Scientific and military, and new technologies. The research is based on this assumption and seeks to state that modern technologies, such as UAVs, are subject to international law and require no new legislation or regulation. The study looked at UAVs at three levels of international air law and the Chicago Convention, International Humanitarian Law, and the important rules of these rights and multilateral export control regimes, and the role of UAVs in each of these three areas. And concludes that current international law has the ability to monitor and implement UAVs with current rules in the three areas mentioned.
- جباری، منصور (1381). حقوق بین‌الملل هوایی. تبریز: انتشارات فروزش.
- هنکرتز، ژان ماری، دوسوالدبک، لوئیس (1391). حقوق بین‌المللی بشردوستانه عرفی، جلد اول قواعد، - کمیته بین‌المللی صلیب سرخ، ترجمه: دفتر امور بین‌الملل قوه قضائیه ج.ا.ا و کمیته بین‌المللی صلیب سرخ، تهران: انتشارات مجمع علمی و فرهنگی مجد.
- خرمی، مصطفی، «استفاده از هواپیماهای بدون سرنشین(پهپادها) در پرتو قواعد حقوق بین‌الملل»، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده روابط بین‌الملل وزارت امور خارجه، 1394.
- علاقه بند حسینی، یونس، یزدان، رزا. (1392). «گسترش استفاده از هواپیماهای بدون سرنشین در آیینه حقوق توسل به زور و مخاصمات مسلحانه». مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، نشریه مرکز امور حقوقی بین‌المللی ریاست جمهوری سال سی‌ام، شمارة230، ص.20-48.
- پایگاه اینترنتی پرتال حقوق، «مسئولیت بین‌المللی آمریکا در نقض حریم هوایی ایران»، تاریخ ٢۸ آبان 1391، بازیابی در تاریخ (17/03/1396)، قابل دسترس در سایت: پرتال حقوق.
- Abeyratne, R. (2010). Aviation security law. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Alley, R. M. (2013). The Drone Debate: Sudden Bullet Or Slow Boomerang?. Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington.
- Zenko, M., & Kreps, S. E. (2014). Limiting armed drone proliferation. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
- Vogel, R. J. (2011). Drone warfare and the law of armed conflict, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. Vol. 39(1).
- Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) Annex Handbook, (2010) , from http://mtcr.info/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MTCR_Annex_Handbook_ENG.pdf
- Gill, T.D (2013), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles & International Law If, How, When and Where UAV Strikes May Be Conducted, from http://www.ismllw.org/seminaires/2013_04_09_Munster_textes%20des%20orateurs/2013-04-10-07%20Prof%20Gill.pdf
- The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), (2015), International humanitarian law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts, report of the 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 32IC/15/11, from https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/15061/32ic-report-on-ihl-and-challenges-of-armed-conflicts.pdf
- Wuschka, S. (2011). The Use of Combat Drones in Current Conflicts-A Legal Issues or a Political Problem. Goettingen J. Int'l L., 3, 891.
- Ronconi, G. B. A., Batista, T. J., & Merola, V. (2014). The utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for military action in foreign airspace. UFRGSMUN: UFRGS Model United Nations Journal, 137-182.
- Završnik, A. (Ed.). (2016). Drones and Unmanned Aerial Systems: Legal and Social Implications for Security and Surveillance. Springer.
- Abeyratne, R. (2015). Public Policy and Human Rights. In Aviation and International Cooperation (pp. 1-61). Springer International Publishing.
- De Groof, M. (2016). Death from the Sky: International Legal and Practical Issues on the Use of Armed Drones. In Drones and Unmanned Aerial Systems (pp. 131-156). Springer International Publishing.
- Millson, R. O., & Herman, D. A. (2015). Legality under International Law.
- Birch, M., Lee, G., & Pierscionek, T. (2012). Drones: The physical and psychological implications of a global theatre of war. Medact, London.
- Abu Saif, Atef (2014), Sleepless in Gaza: Israeli drone war on the Gaza Strip'. Rosa Luxembourg Stiftung Regional Office Palestine, Palestine.
- Brooke-Holland, L. (2015). Overview of military drones used by the UK armed forces. House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper, (06493), 11.
- EUROCONTROL. (2001). Definition of state aircraft. From www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/content/documents/single-sky/cm/library/cmac-definition-of-state-aircraft-200107.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2014.
- Missile Technology Control Regime, (2018), from http://mtcr.info/frequently-asked-questions-faqs/
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Convention on Civil Aviation ("Chicago Convention"), 7 December 1944, (1994) 15 U.N.T.S. 295, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ddca0dd4.html [accessed 28 July 2017]
- The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), (2015), International humanitarian law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts, report of the 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 32IC/15/11, from https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/15061/32ic-report-on-ihl-and-challenges-of-armed-conflicts.pdf
- Emmerson, Ben (2013), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Annual report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council, A/HRC/22/52,
- Arabella Lang, ‘UK Drone Attack in Syria: Legal Questions’ (2015) Briefing Paper, Number 7332, House of Commons Library, from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7332/CBP-7332.pdf
- Stimson Center, (2015), UAV Export Controls and Regulatory Challenges, Working Group Report, from https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/ECRC%20Working%20Group%20Report.pdf
_||_منابع:
- جباری، منصور (1381). حقوق بین‌الملل هوایی. تبریز: انتشارات فروزش.
- هنکرتز، ژان ماری، دوسوالدبک، لوئیس (1391). حقوق بین‌المللی بشردوستانه عرفی، جلد اول قواعد، - کمیته بین‌المللی صلیب سرخ، ترجمه: دفتر امور بین‌الملل قوه قضائیه ج.ا.ا و کمیته بین‌المللی صلیب سرخ، تهران: انتشارات مجمع علمی و فرهنگی مجد.
- خرمی، مصطفی، «استفاده از هواپیماهای بدون سرنشین(پهپادها) در پرتو قواعد حقوق بین‌الملل»، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده روابط بین‌الملل وزارت امور خارجه، 1394.
- علاقه بند حسینی، یونس، یزدان، رزا. (1392). «گسترش استفاده از هواپیماهای بدون سرنشین در آیینه حقوق توسل به زور و مخاصمات مسلحانه». مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، نشریه مرکز امور حقوقی بین‌المللی ریاست جمهوری سال سی‌ام، شمارة230، ص.20-48.
- پایگاه اینترنتی پرتال حقوق، «مسئولیت بین‌المللی آمریکا در نقض حریم هوایی ایران»، تاریخ ٢۸ آبان 1391، بازیابی در تاریخ (17/03/1396)، قابل دسترس در سایت: پرتال حقوق.
- Abeyratne, R. (2010). Aviation security law. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Alley, R. M. (2013). The Drone Debate: Sudden Bullet Or Slow Boomerang?. Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington.
- Zenko, M., & Kreps, S. E. (2014). Limiting armed drone proliferation. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
- Vogel, R. J. (2011). Drone warfare and the law of armed conflict, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. Vol. 39(1).
- Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) Annex Handbook, (2010) , from http://mtcr.info/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MTCR_Annex_Handbook_ENG.pdf
- Gill, T.D (2013), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles & International Law If, How, When and Where UAV Strikes May Be Conducted, from http://www.ismllw.org/seminaires/2013_04_09_Munster_textes%20des%20orateurs/2013-04-10-07%20Prof%20Gill.pdf
- The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), (2015), International humanitarian law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts, report of the 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 32IC/15/11, from https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/15061/32ic-report-on-ihl-and-challenges-of-armed-conflicts.pdf
- Wuschka, S. (2011). The Use of Combat Drones in Current Conflicts-A Legal Issues or a Political Problem. Goettingen J. Int'l L., 3, 891.
- Ronconi, G. B. A., Batista, T. J., & Merola, V. (2014). The utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for military action in foreign airspace. UFRGSMUN: UFRGS Model United Nations Journal, 137-182.
- Završnik, A. (Ed.). (2016). Drones and Unmanned Aerial Systems: Legal and Social Implications for Security and Surveillance. Springer.
- Abeyratne, R. (2015). Public Policy and Human Rights. In Aviation and International Cooperation (pp. 1-61). Springer International Publishing.
- De Groof, M. (2016). Death from the Sky: International Legal and Practical Issues on the Use of Armed Drones. In Drones and Unmanned Aerial Systems (pp. 131-156). Springer International Publishing.
- Millson, R. O., & Herman, D. A. (2015). Legality under International Law.
- Birch, M., Lee, G., & Pierscionek, T. (2012). Drones: The physical and psychological implications of a global theatre of war. Medact, London.
- Abu Saif, Atef (2014), Sleepless in Gaza: Israeli drone war on the Gaza Strip'. Rosa Luxembourg Stiftung Regional Office Palestine, Palestine.
- Brooke-Holland, L. (2015). Overview of military drones used by the UK armed forces. House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper, (06493), 11.
- EUROCONTROL. (2001). Definition of state aircraft. From www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/content/documents/single-sky/cm/library/cmac-definition-of-state-aircraft-200107.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2014.
- Missile Technology Control Regime, (2018), from http://mtcr.info/frequently-asked-questions-faqs/
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Convention on Civil Aviation ("Chicago Convention"), 7 December 1944, (1994) 15 U.N.T.S. 295, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ddca0dd4.html [accessed 28 July 2017]
- The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), (2015), International humanitarian law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts, report of the 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 32IC/15/11, from https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/15061/32ic-report-on-ihl-and-challenges-of-armed-conflicts.pdf
- Emmerson, Ben (2013), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Annual report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council, A/HRC/22/52,
- Arabella Lang, ‘UK Drone Attack in Syria: Legal Questions’ (2015) Briefing Paper, Number 7332, House of Commons Library, from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7332/CBP-7332.pdf
- Stimson Center, (2015), UAV Export Controls and Regulatory Challenges, Working Group Report, from https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/ECRC%20Working%20Group%20Report.pdf