Occurance of pear and apple blast disease in Razavy and North Khorasan Provinces

Subject Areas : Plant Protection

Esfandiar Zohour Paralak ¹

1 -

Received: 2011-07-08 Accepted : 2012-07-07 Published : 2011-02-20

Keywords:

Abstract :

During 2006-2009 canker symptom and blast in pear (Pyrus communis) and apple(Malus communis) trees were observed in several orchards. The symptoms partly resembled to fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora, except for the absence of gum exudation the affected tissues. A gram-negative, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium was consistently isolated from affected tissues. All colonies produced levan on SNA(Sucrose nutrient Agar). Fluorescent pigment was produced on King,s B medium. Strains were catalase positive, oxidase and arginine dihydrolase negaative and did not rot potato tuber slices. They showed negative reaction for starch and esculin  hydrolysis, production of acetoin, indole and H2S. Six strains produced syringomycin and a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco and geranium. Froctuse, glucose, galactose, sucrose, mannose, mannitol, glycerol, citrate, fumarate, succinate and lactate used as carbon sources. No strain utilized maltose, inulin, starch, dextrin, oxalate, formate or benzoate. Based on these and additional characteristics, the strains were identified as pseudomonas syringae pv syringae. Pathogenicity tests on twings and seedlings of a local cultivar of pear was performed by two strains. This is the first report of apple blast occurence in Iran

References:

Annonymous, 2007. Random Sampling of Fruits Crops. Bureau for Statistics and Information Technology, Plannining and Economical Division, Ministry of Jihad-e- Agriculture. Iran. (In Persian).

Bultreys, A., & Kaluzna, M. 2010. Bacterial cankers caused by Pseudomonas syringae on stone fruit species with special emphasis on the pathovars syringae and morspruorum  race 1 and race 2. Journal of Plant Pathology, 92 (1, Supplement), S1.21-S1. 33.

Fahy, P. C., & Persley, C. J. 1983. Plant Bacterial Disease, A Diagnostic Guide. Academic Press, Sidney, Australia.

Hirano, S. S & Upper, C. D. 1990. Population biology and epidemiology of pseudomonas syringae. Annual Review of Phytopathol, 28:155-177.

Hwang, M. S., Morgan, R. L., Sarkar, S. F., Wang, P. W., & Guttman, D. S. 2005. Phylogenetic characterization of virulence and resistance phenotypes of pseudomonas syringae. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 71:5182-5191.

Hugh, R. & Leifson, E. 1953. The Taxnomic significance of fermentative versus Oxidative  metabolism of carbohydrates by various gram negative bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology, 66: 24-26.

Lelliot, R. A. & Stead, D. D. E. 1987. Methods for the Diagnosis of Bacteriol Diseases of Plants. Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK.

Little, E. L. Bostock, R. M. & Kirkpatrik, B. C.1998. Genetic characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains from stone fruits in California. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 64: 3818-3823.

Lucienne Mansvelt, E. & Hattingh, M. J. 1986. Pear blossom blast in South Africa caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Plant Pathology, 35:337- 343.

Ogawa, J. M., Zehr, E. J., Bird, G. W., Ritchie, D. F. & Uyemoto, J. K. 1995. Compendium of Stone Fruit ِِِDiseases. APS Press, USA.

Roos, I. M. & Httingh, M. J. 1987. Systemic invasion of plum leaves and shoots by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae introduced into petioles. Phytopathology, 77: 1253-1257.

Schaad, N. W., Jones, J. B. & Chun, W. 2001. Laboratory Guide for ldentification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. American Phytopathological Society press, USA.

Suslow, T. V., Schroth, M. N. & Lsaka, M. 1982. Application of a rapid method for gram differentiation of plant pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria without  staining. Phytopathology, 72: 917-918.

Samuel , S. G. 2007. Plant-Associated Bacteria. Springer publishing, The Netherlands.

Thomidis, T., Tsipouridis, C., Exadaktylou, E., & Drogoudi, P. 2005. Comparison of three laboratory methods to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of ten Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains on apple, pear, cherry and peach trees. Phytopathology, 33:137-140.

Zohour, E., Rahimian, H., Arab. F,. & Nikravesh, Z. 2002. Pear blast disease in Khorasan. Proceeding of the 15^th Iranian Plant protection Congrees.Vol. 2, 7-11 Sept. Razi University of Kermanshah, Iran, p. 247.