Thermal requirements of immature stages of pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in natural conditions of Rafsanjan, Iran

Subject Areas : Plant Protection

Mohammad Reza  Hassani ¹ ()
Ghadir  Nouri ghanbalani ² ()
Hamzeh  Izadi ³ ()
Mehdi  Basirat ⁴ ()

Received: 2010-08-09 Accepted : 2011-06-01 Published : 2010-05-22

Keywords:

Abstract :

The pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer, is a major pest of pistachio trees throughout pistachio  producing regions in Iran. Nowadays, degree-day models are considered as one of the most important tools in integrated pest management and forecasting of pest status. The cumulative effective temperatures were calculated for different percentages of nymph based on the lower development threshold of 9.96oC and upper development threshold of 32.5oC and different biofix during years 2007 and 2008 under field conditions. The cumulative effective temperatures form 21 January to 75 percentage of nymphs for first generation was calculated 510 DD. To calculate the cumulative effective temperatures for generations 2 to 6, 75% of nymph of last generation was selected as biofix. The cumulative effective temperature for generations 2 to 6 based on 75 percentage of last generation was calculated 339, 333, 313, 389 and 337 DD respectively. The mean cumulative effective temperature from 75 percentages of nymphs of each generation to next generation was calculated 342±28.13 degree-day. By using degree-day model, we can determine the suitable control time of pistachio psylla.

References:

Akers, R.C. & Nielson, D.G. 1984. Predicting Agrillus anxius (Col.: Buprestidae) adult emergence by heat unit accumulation. Journal of Economic Entomology, 77: 1459- 1463.

Basirat, M. 2008. Estimating the heat requirements for pistachio twig moth, Kermania pistaciella Amsel in field condition. Journal of Science and Technology of Agricultural and NaturalResources, 12: 339-349.

Basirat, M. & Seyedoleslami, H. 2001. Post Overwintering Heat requirement for Pistachio Seed Wasp [Eurytoma Plotnikovi Nikolskaya (Hym.: Eurytomidae)]. Journal of Science and Technology of Agricultural & Natural Resources, 5: 339-349.

Brunner, J.F. 1984. The development, distribution and sampling for the pear psyllid, Psylla pyricola. Bulletin SROP, Washington State; USDA, 7: 81-96.

Dastgheyb–Beheshti, N. & Seyedoleslami, H. 1987. Forecasting codling moth phenology based on the degree day summation in the apple orchard in west of Esfahan. Entomology and Phytopathology Applicata, 54: 25-43.

Diaz, B. M., Muniz, M., Barrios, L. & Fereres, A. 2007. Temperature thresholds and thermal requirements for development of Nasonovia ribisnigri (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology, 36: 681-688.

Fatzinger, C.W. & Dixon, W.N. 1996. Degree-Day models for predicting levels of attack by slash pine flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and the phenology of female strobilus development on slash pine. Environmental Entomology,  25: 727-735.

Graf, B., Hohn, H.U., Hohn, H. & Samietz, J. 2006. Temperature effects on egg development of the rosy apple aphid and forecasting of egg hatch. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 119: 207-211.

Gullan, P.J. & Cranston, P.S. 2005. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. (3rd ed.) Blackwell Publishing.

Gurr, G.M., Wratten, S.D. & Altieri, M.A. 2004. Ecological Engineering for Pest Management. CSIRO Publishing.

Hassani, M.R. 2009. Bioecology and economic injury level of Agonoscena pistaciae (Hem.: Psyllidae) in Rafsanjan region of Iran. Ph. D. dissertation, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract).

Horton, D.R., Higbee, B.S., Unruh, T.R. & Westigard, P.H. 1992. Spatial characteristics and effects of fall density and weather on overwintering loss of pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Environmental Entomology. 21: 1319-1332.

Mehrnejad, M. R., 1998. Evaluation of the parasitoid Psyllaephagus pistaciae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a biocontrol agent of the common pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). PhD Thesis, Wye College, University of London, UK.

Mehrnejad, M.R. & Jalali, M.A. 2004. Life history parameters of the coccinellid beetle, Oenopia conglobata contaminata, an important predator of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14: 701-711.

Norris, R.F., Caswell-Chen E.P. & Kogan, M. 2002. Concepts in Integrated Pest Management. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.

Pedigo, L.P. 2002. Entomology and Pest Management (4th ed.), Prentice-Hall, India.

Pruess, K.P. 1983. Day-degree methods for pest management. Environmental Entomology, 12: 613-619.

Purcell, M. & Weeter, S.C. 1990. Degree-day model for development of Calocoris norvegicus (Hemiptera: Miridae) and timing of management strategies. Environmental Entomology, 19: 848-853.

Roltsch, W.J., Zalom, F.G., Strawn, A.J., Strand, J.F. & Pitcairn, M.J. 1999. Evaluation of several degree-day estimation methods in California climates. International Journal of Biometeorology, 42: 169–176.

Sharpe, J.H. & DeMichele, D.W. 1977. Reaction kinetics of poikilotherm development. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 64: 649-670.

Sheibani, A., Farivar-Mahin, H. & Azghandi, A. 1995. Pistachio production in Iran. Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural and Educational Organization, Pistachio Research Institute. (in Persian).

UC IPM Online, 2009. Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program: How to manage pests-Degree-Days. Available from URL: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/WEATHER/ ddretrieve.html. (Accessed September 2009).

Zalom, F.G., Goodell, P.B., Wilson, L.T., Barnett, W.W. & Bentley, W.J. 1983. Degree-days: The calculation and use of heat units in pest management. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.