Explaining the Effects of Reverse Migration Physical, and Environmental Development of the Mahale Anzal Villages in Urmia County

Subject Areas : Geography and Rural Planning

Sharifeh  Jafarmadar Gharabagh ¹ (Ph.D. Student, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Islamic Azad University of Yadegar-e Imam-Shahr Ray Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Dr.Simin  Armaghan ² (Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Islamic Azad University of Yadegar-e Imam-Shahr Ray Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Dr. Tahmineh  Daniyali ³ (Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Islamic Azad University of Yadegar-e Imam-Shahr Ray Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2024-04-17 Accepted : 2024-06-20 Published : 2024-06-22

Keywords: Reverse Migration, Economic Development, Physical Development, Environmental Development, Mahale Anzal, Urmia County,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to explain the effects of reverse migration on the economic, physical, and environmental development of the Mahale Anzal villages in Urmia County from 2017 to 2021. The research design was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was 944 households of returnees to the Mahale Anzal villages, of which 275 households were selected using the quota sampling method and randomly responded to the questionnaires. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability of 0.818 and analyzed using SPSS-V.28 and Lisrel-V.10 software. The research questionnaire had an acceptable validity of exploratory factor analysis (0.847) and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between reverse migration, economic development, physical development, and environmental development (P≤0.01). Reverse migration had a direct and positive effect on economic development (0.69), physical development (0.56), and environmental development (0.55) (P≤0.01). Additionally, reverse migration had an indirect and positive effect (0.34) on physical development and (0.28) on environmental development through economic development in the Mahale Anzal villages of Urmia County (P≤0.01). The authorities should strive to develop the economic conditions of the villages, which will lead to the improvement of living conditions, the strengthening and updating of rural housing, and consequently the physical and environmental development of the villages, thereby improving the living conditions in the villages for reverse migration.

References:

1) ا لفتی، معارف.، حقیقتیان، منصور و حجازی، سیدناصر(1401). تبیین عوامل اجتماعی، فرهنگی، اقتصادی مهاجرت معکوس از شهر به روستا (نمونه موردی: شهرستان سرپل ذهاب). مجله پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی، 13(50): 161-182.
2) احمدی، مالک و امانی ساری بگلو، جواد(1395). راهنمای کاربرد نرم افزار لیزرل در تحقیقات رفتاری. ارومیه: انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ارومیه.
3) افراخته، حسن.، منافی آذر، رضا و ولائی، محمد(1395). اثرات مکانی - فضایی مهاجرت بازگشتی در شهرستان میاندوآب، مجلّة پژوهش و برنامه ریزی روستایی، 5(1): 94-83.
4) امانپور، سعید(1397). شناسایی و اولویت‌‌بندی عوامل مؤثر بر شکل‌‌گیری مهاجرت برگشتی (مورد شناسی: بخش مرکزی شهرستان دزفول). جغرافیا و آمایش شهری منطقه‌ای، 8(29): 37-60.
5) ربانی، رسول.، طاهری، زهرا و روستا، زهرا(1390). بررسی علل انگیزه‌های مهاجرت معکوس و تأثیر آن بر توسعه اجتماعی - اقتصادی (مطالعه موردی مهاجران روستانشین شهرهای تنکابن و رامسر). فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری، 2(5): 83-108.
6) علي بابايي، مجتبی و جمعه پور، محمود(1395). فرآيند و الگوي مهاجرت معکوس روستايي و عوامل مؤثّر بر آن (مطالعه موردي: دهستان حاجيلو - شهرستان کبودر آهنگ). مجله پژوهش و برنامه ريزي روستايي، 5(4): 91-105.
7) محمدپورلیما، نغمه و عالیزاد میناآباد، فرشید(1397). واگرایی شهری و فرایند خروج ساکنان از منطقۀ کلان‌شهری (مورد شناسی: تهران). جغرافیا و آمایش شهری منطقه‌ای، 8(29): 75-90..
8) ملکی، زهرا.، مولایی هشجین، نصرالله و باسط قرشی مینا آباد، محمد(1398). اثرات و پیامدهای مهاجرت معکوس در تحولات محیطی - اکولوژیکی و کالبدی روستاهای ساحلی شهرستان رشت. فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی، 12(1): 635-656.
9) منافی آذر، رضا.، عبدالهی، عبداله.، علیزاده، تیمور.، ولائی، محمد و قاسمی، علی(1396). مهاجرت بازگشتی و پیامدهای آن بر سکونتگاههای روستایی مطالعه موردی: بخش باروق شهرستان میاندوآب. مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی، 12(1): 179-197.
10) میرفلاح نصیری، نعمت‌اله.، دل عظیمی، فریده و صباغی، شهلا(1396). آیا مهاجرت معکوس در کشور در حال تحقق است؟، دوماهنامه تحلیلی - پژوهشی آمار، ۴(۴): ۱۴-۲۰.
11) یعقوبی، جعفر و زبیدی، طاهره(1397). بررسی انگیزه های مهاجرت معکوس و پیامدهای آن در روستاهای شهرستان ایجرود - استان زنجان. فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی، 9(2): 196-209.
12) Afrakhteh, H., Manafiazar, R., & Valaei, M. (2016) The Spatial-Local Effects of Return Migration in Miyandoab County. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 5(1), 83-98.
13) Ahmadi, M., & Amani Sari Baglo, J. (2015) A guide to the use of Lisrel software in behavioral research. Urmia: Islamic Azad University Publications, Urmia branch.
14) Alibabaiee, M., & Jom’epour, M. (2017) The Procces and Pattern of Return Migration and Factors Affecting it ) Case Study: Hajilou Dehestan- Kabodarahang County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 5(4), 91-105.
15) Amanpoor, D. (2018) Identifying and Prioritizing the Factors Affecting the Formation of Rural Recursive Immigration (Case Study: Central Section of Dezful County). Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 8(29), 37-60.
16) Andersen, L. (2002) Rural – Urban Migration in Bolivia: Advantages and Disadvantages, Institute De Investigations Socio-Economics, Universidad Catholic Boliviana, La Paz, Bolivia.
17)Bures, R. (1997) Migration and the life course: is there a retirement transition?, International Journal of Population Geography, 3: 109-119.
18)Champion, T. (2001) The continuing urban-rural population movement in Britain: trends, patterns, significance, Space, Population, 1(2): 37-51.
19)Collier, W., Piracha, M., Randazzo, T. (2018) Remittances and return migration. Review of Development Economics, 22(1), 174-202.
20)Commbes, M., Longa, R., and Raybould, S. (1989) Counterurbanisation in Britain and Italy: a comparative critique of the concept, causation and evidence, Progress in planning, 32:70-92.
21)Gbemiga Adewale, J. (2005) Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Urban-Rural Migration in Nigeria: A Case Study of Oyo State, Nigeria, Journal of Human Ecology, 17:1, 13-16,
22)Geyer, H. (1996) Expanding the theoretical foundation of differential urbanization, Social Geography, 87: 44-59.
23)Halliday, J., and M. Commbes (1995) In search of counter urbanization: some evidence from Devon on the relationship between patterns of migration and motivation, Rural Studies, 11(4): 433-446.
24)Kline, R. B. (2011) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Second Edition, New York: The Guilford Press. URL:
25)Maleki, Z., Moulai Hashjin, N., & Basit Qurashi, MinaAbad, M. (2019) The effects and consequences of reverse migration in the environmental-ecological and physical developments of the coastal villages of Rasht city. Scientific and research quarterly of new attitudes in human geography, 12(1): 635-656.
26)Manafiazar, R., abdollahee, A., Alizadeh, T., valaei, M., & Gasemi Ardehayi, A. (2017) Return migration and its impact on rural settlements Case study: Barough district in Miandoab county. Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 12(1), 179-197.
27)Marr, W., and Millerd, F. (2004) Migration of elderly household in Canada, 1991-1996: determinants and differences population, Space and Place, 10: 435-454.
28)Mirfalah Nasiri, N., Del Azimi, F., & Sabbaghi, Sh. (2017) Is reverse migration happening in the country? Bimonthly Analytical-Research Statistics, 4(4): 14-20.
29)Mohamadpoorlima, D., & Alizad MinaAbad, F. (2018) Urban Divergence and the Process of Exiting Residents From Metropolitan Area (Case Study: Tehran). Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 8(29), 75-90.
30)Mosley, M. (1984) The revival of rural area in advanced economies: A review of some causes and consequences, Geoforum, 15: 447-456.
31)Okali, D., Okpara, E., and Olawoye, J. (2001) The Case of Aba and its Region, Southeastern Nigeria, Working Paper Series on Rural-Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies, Working Paper 4, Human Settlements Programmed ILED, 3 EnSleigh Street, London, WCIH 0DD.
32)Olfati, M., haghighatian, M., & hejazi, S. N. (2022) Explaining the Social, Cultural and Economic Factors of Reverse Migration from City to Village (Case study: Sarpole Zahab city). Political and International Researches Quarterly, 13(50), 161-182.
33)Rabbani, R., Taheri, Z., & Rusta, Z. (2011) Investigating the causes of reverse migration motivations and its impact on socio-economic development (a case study of rural migrants in Tonkabon and Ramsar cities). Scientific and Research Quarterly of Research and Urban Planning, 2(5): 83-108.
34)Rebhun, U., Brown, D. L. (2015) Patterns and seIectivities of urban/ruraI migration in IsraeI. Demographic Research, 33: 113.
35)Robert, S., and Randolph, W. (1983) Beyond decentralization: the evolution of population distribution In England and Wales, Geoform, 14(1):75-102.
36)Rocchi, B., (2009) Gathering Information on Total Household Income within an “Industry Oriented” Survey on Agriculture: Methodological Issues and Future Perspectives, Wye City Group on Statistics on Rural Development and Agriculture Household Income Second Meeting, Rome, Italy.
37)Shumway, J., and Otterstrom, S. (2001) Spatial patterns of migration and income change in the mountain west: the dominance of service-based, amenity-rich countries, The Professional Geographer, 53(4): 492-502.
38)Stockdale, A. (2006) The role of a retirement transition in the repopulation of rural areas, Population, Space and place, 12: 1-13.
39)Stockdale, A. (2014) Unravelling the migration decision-making process: English early Retirees moving to rural mid-Wale, Journal of Rural Studies, 34: 161-171.
40)Stockdale, A., Findlay, A., and Short, D. (2000) The repopulation of rural Scotland: opportunity and threat, Rural Studies, 16: 243-257.
41)Walford, N. (2004) Searching for a residential resting place: population in-migration and circulation in Mid-Wales, Population, Space and Place, 10: 311-329.
42)Yaghoubi, J., & zobeidi, T. (2018) Assessing Reverse Migration's Motivations and Consequences in Ijroud County, Zanjan Province. Journal of Rural Research, 9(2), 196-209.