Description of the symptoms and the evaluation of the co-occurrence of different severity of charcoal disease in Quercus castaneifolia
Subject Areas :
forest
jalil karami
1
,
mohammadreza kavoosi
2
,
manoochehr babanezhad
3
1 - دانشجوی دکترای جنگلشناسی و اکولوژی جنگل (پاتولوژی جنگل)، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران
2 - دانشیار، گروه جنگلشناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران
3 - دانشیار، گروه آمار، دانشکده آمار، دانشگاه گلستان، ایران
Received: 2015-04-14
Accepted : 2015-10-06
Published : 2015-12-21
Keywords:
Quercus castaneifolia,
Charcoal disease,
Point centered quarter Biscogniauxia mediterranea,
Abstract :
This research has been performed in order to description of the symptoms and the evaluation of the co-occurrence in different severity of charcoal oak diseases of Q. castaneifolia in the Qoroq forest park. signs and symptoms of charcoal diseases include number, height, area and depth of canker in 385 tree with an average diameter of 52/5 cm and a diameter range of 15 to 140 cm at seven transects were recorded over a period of six months. Based on the damage severity of disease, trees in the five classes: Healthy and no evidence of disease (1), bleeding only in the very small surface (2), bleeding, developed canker plus beetles (3), bleeding and decay of tissue developed and deep cankers with beetle activity (4), and dead trees(5), Grouped. The analysis of variance demonstrated that mean of height, depth and area of canker in the trees disease was different and also a significant correlation was detected between depth and area of canker with severity of charcoal disease. Results of evaluation of the co-occurrence severities of different disease using paired quadrat covariance showed that trees and dead trees are positively correlated, such that the difference in disease severity between the trees was greater, the co-occurrence was less likely. These results, the pattern of the distribution and development of charcoal disease offers that in the management and reforestation infected forests is applications
References:
References
Brasier, C.M. 1996, Phytophthora cinnamomi and oak decline in southern Europe, Environmental constraints including climate change, Annals of Forest Science, 53:347-358.
Capretti, P. & A. Battisti, 2007. Water stress and insect defoliation promote the colonization of Quercus cerris by the fungus Biscogniauxia mediterranea,Forest Pathology, 37(2):129-135.
Condeso, T.E. & R.K. Meentemeyer, 2007, Effects of landscape heterogeneity on the emerging forest disease sudden oak death. Journal of Ecology, 95(2):364–375.
Cottam, G. & J.T. Curtis, 1956. The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling, Ecology 37:451–460.
Hendry, S.J., L. Boddy, & D. Lonsdale, 2002. Abiotic variables effect differential expression of latent infections in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), New Phytologist 155:49-460.
Ju Y, M., J.D. Rogers, F. San Martin, & A. Granmo, 1998. The genus Biscogniauxia. Mycotaxon 66:1–98.
Karami, J., and Rahmani, P, 2014, Investigation effects of drought, defoliator pests (Lymantria dispar) and oak charcoal disease in the drying oak, National Conference - Forest Science Students, Wednesday/May/ Spring, Karaj, Iran.
Karami, J., Kvosi, M.R, 2013, Investigation Signs and symptoms of oak charcoal disease in the Quercus castaneifolia, First National Conference on Management of Natural Resources, Thursday/February/Winter, Gonbad Kavoos, Iran.
Karami, J., Kvosi, M.R., Babanezhad, M. 2015, Assessment of the relationship between some of the environmental variables and the spread of charcoal disease in chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia CA Mey). Forest and Range Protection Research. 13(1):34-45.
Karami, J., Kvosi, M.R., Babanezhad, M. 2015. Spatial pattern and disease severity of charcoal canker in Hyrcanian forests, north of Iran. Journal of forest science, 61(6): 261–267
Karami, J., Kvosi, M.R., and Rahmani, P, 2014, Investigation signs and symptoms of oak charcoal with functional fungus (Biscogniauxia mediterranea) and the factors influencing its development and management, National Conference - Forest Science Students, Wednesday/May/ Spring, Karaj, Iran.
Kelly, M., D. Liu, B. McPherson, D. Wood & R. Standiford, 2008, Spatial pattern dynamics of oak mortality and associated disease symptoms in a California hardwood forest affected by sudden oak death. Journal of Forest Research 13:312-319.
Martin, J., J. Cabezas, T. Buyolo, D. Paton, 2005, The relationship between Cerambyx spp. damageand subsequent Biscogniauxia mediterranum infection on Quercus suber forests. Forest Ecology and Management 216:166-174.
McPherson, A., R. Mori, L. Wood, J. Storer, P. Svihra, M. Kelly, R.B. Standiford, 2005. Sudden oak death in California: disease progression in oaks and tanoaks. Forest Ecology and Management, 213:71–89.
Mirabolfathy, M., 2013. Outbreak of charcoal disease on Quercus SPP and Zelkova carpinifolia trees in forests of Zagrus and Alborz mountains in Iran, Iranian journal of plant pathology, 49(2):257-263.
Mirabolfathy, M., J.Z. Groenewald, & P.W. Crous, 2011, The occurrence of charcoal disease caused by Biscogniauxia mediterranea on chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia) in the Golestan Forests, North of Iran. Plant Disease, 95:876-876.
Nugent, L.K., P. Sihanont, S. Thienhirun, A.J.S. Whalley, 2005, Biscogniauxia: a genus of latent invaders. Mycologist, 19: 40-43.
Porta, N.La., P. Capretti, I.M.Thomsen, R. Kasanen, A.M. Hietala, K.V. Weissenberg, 2008. Forest pathogens with higher damage potential due to climate change in Europe, Canadian JournalofPlant Pathology, 30:177-195.
Ristaino, J.B., M. Gumpertz, 2000. New frontiers in the study of dispersal and spatial analysis of epidemics caused by species in the genus Phytophthora. Annual Review of Phytopathology 38:541–576.
Vannini, A. R.Valentini, 1994. Influence of water relations on Quercus cerris- Hypoxylon mediterraneum interaction: a model of drought- induced susceptibility to a weakness parasite. Tree Physiology 14:129-139.
