Review of the Properties of Different Chitosan Preparation Methods
Subject Areas : microbiology
1 -
Keywords: chitin, chitosan, physical modification method, chemical modification method,
Abstract :
Chitin and chitosan are natural polysaccharides known for their unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and solubility in acidic environments. They are extracted from various living organisms, including arthropods and fungi. Chitosan, as an acetylated derivative of chitin, possesses special capabilities for adsorbing pollutants and is widely used in various industries. The physical and chemical properties of chitosan are influenced by factors such as degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, and processing conditions. Several
methods exist for extracting chitosan from chitin and enhancing its properties, including
enzymatic, chemical, and physical approaches. Additionally, chitosan microparticles, due to
their nanoscale size and high adsorption properties, have extensive applications in
wastewater treatment and pharmaceutical treatments. This review article examines the
structure, properties, production methods, and modifications of chitosan and its various
applications.
References:
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[7]. Qamar SA, Ashiq M, Jahangeer M, Riasat A, Bilal M. Chitosan-based hybrid materials as adsorbents for textile dyes–A review. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 2020 Sep 1; 2:100021.
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[9]. Ghosh A, Ali MA. Studies on physicochemical characteristics of chitosan derivatives with dicarboxylic acids. Journal of Materials Science. 2012 Feb; 47:1196-204.
[10]. Hu W, Li L, Su M. Spatial inequity of multi-level healthcare services in a rapid expanding immigrant city of China: a case study of Shenzhen. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019 Sep; 16(18):3441.
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[12]. Bagheri-Khoulenjani S, Taghizadeh SM, Mirzadeh H. An investigation on the short-term biodegradability of chitosan with various molecular weights and degrees of deacetylation. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2009 Nov 17; 78(4):773-8.
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[20]. Cho J, Heuzey MC, Bégin A, Carreau PJ. Physical gelation of chitosan in the presence of β-glycerophosphate: the effect of temperature. Biomacromolecules. 2005 Nov 14; 6(6):3267-75.
[21]. Sinha VR, Singla AK, Wadhawan S, Kaushik R, Kumria R, Bansal K, Dhawan S. Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2004 Apr 15; 274(1-2):1-33.
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[24]. Sun Y, Liu Y, Liu W, Lu C, Wang L. Chitosan microparticles ionically cross-linked with poly (γ-glutamic acid) as antimicrobial peptides and nitric oxide delivery systems. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2015 Mar 15; 95:78-85.
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[28]. Sivaramakrishna D, Bhuvanachandra B, Mallakuntla MK, Das SN, Ramakrishna B, Podile AR. Pretreatment with KOH and KOH-urea enhanced hydrolysis of α-chitin by an endo-chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae. Carbohydrate polymers. 2020 May 1; 235:115952.
[29]. Wang W, Xue C, and Mao X. Chitosan: Structural modification, biological activity and application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020 Dec 1; 164:4532-46.
[30]. Kashyap PL, Xiang X, Heiden P. Chitosan nanoparticle based delivery systems for sustainable agriculture. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2015 Jun 1; 77:36-51.
[31]. Sheikholeslami ZS, Salimi-Kenari H, Imani M, Atai M, Nodehi A. Exploring the effect of formulation parameters on the particle size of carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles prepared via reverse micellar crosslinking. Journal of microencapsulation. 2017 Apr 3; 34(3):270-9.
[32]. Kamat V, Marathe I, Ghormade V, Bodas D, Paknikar K. Synthesis of monodisperse chitosan nanoparticles and in situ drug loading using active microreactor. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2015 Oct 21; 7(41):22839-47.
[33]. Wang J, Zhuang S. Removal of various pollutants from water and wastewater by modified chitosan adsorbents. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 2017 Dec 2; 47(23):2331-86.
[34]. Zhang L, Zeng Y, Cheng Z. Removal of heavy metal ions using chitosan and modified chitosan: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2016 Feb 1; 214:175-91.
[35]. Upadhyay U, Sreedhar I, Singh SA, Patel CM, Anitha KL. Recent advances in heavy metal removal by chitosan based adsorbents. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2021 Jan 1; 251:117000.
[36]. Yoshida A, Miyazaki T, Ishida E, Ashizuka M. Preparation of bioactive chitosan-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for bone repair through mechanochemical reaction. Materials transactions. 2004; 45(4):994-8.
[37]. Azmy EA, Hashem HE, Mohamed EA, Negm NA. Synthesis, characterization, swelling and antimicrobial efficacies of chemically modified chitosan biopolymer. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2019 Jun 15; 284:748-54.
[38]. Wang J, Chen C. Chitosan-based biosorbents: modification and application for biosorption of heavy metals and radionuclides. Bioresource technology. 2014 May 1; 160:129-41.
[39]. Rocha LS, Almeida Â, Nunes C, Henriques B, Coimbra MA, Lopes CB, Silva CM, Duarte AC, Pereira E. Simple and effective chitosan based films for the removal of Hg from waters: Equilibrium, kinetic and ionic competition. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016 Sep 15; 300:217-29.
[40]. Elsabee MZ, Morsi RE, Fathy M. Chitosan-oregano essential oil blends use as antimicrobial packaging material. InAntimicrobial food packaging 2016 Jan 1 (pp. 539-551). Academic Press.
[41]. Sutirman ZA, Rahim EA, Sanagi MM, Abd Karim KJ, Ibrahim WA. New efficient chitosan derivative for Cu (II) ions removal: characterization and adsorption performance. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020 Jun 15; 153:513-22.
[42]. Filipkowska U, Jóźwiak T, Szymczyk P. Application of cross-linked chitosan for phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives. 2014(19):5-14.
[43]. Vakili M, Deng S, Li T, Wang W, Wang W, Yu G. Novel crosslinked chitosan for enhanced adsorption of hexavalent chromium in acidic solution. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2018 Sep 1; 347:782-90.
[1]. Anitha A, Sowmya S, Kumar PS, Deepthi S, Chennazhi KP, Ehrlich H. Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications. Progress in polymer science. 2014 Sep 1; 39(9):1644-67.
[2]. Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in polymer science. 2006 Jul 1; 31(7):603-32.
[3]. Pillai CK, Paul W, Sharma CP. Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Progress in polymer science. 2009 Jul 1; 34(7):641-78.
[4]. Ke CL, Deng FS, Chuang CY, Lin CH. Antimicrobial actions and applications of chitosan. Polymers. 2021 Mar 15; 13(6):904.
[5]. Shahidi F, Arachchi JK, Jeon YJ. Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends in food science & technology. 1999 Feb 1; 10(2):37-51.
[6]. Kordi M, Farokhi N. An overview of the applications of chitin and chitosan in different industries, Human & Environment, (2024) 21(3), 133-142
[7]. Qamar SA, Ashiq M, Jahangeer M, Riasat A, Bilal M. Chitosan-based hybrid materials as adsorbents for textile dyes–A review. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 2020 Sep 1; 2:100021.
[8]. Zargar V, Asghari M, Dashti A. A review on chitin and chitosan polymers: structure, chemistry, solubility, derivatives, and applications. ChemBioEng reviews. 2015 Jun; 2(3):204-26.
[9]. Ghosh A, Ali MA. Studies on physicochemical characteristics of chitosan derivatives with dicarboxylic acids. Journal of Materials Science. 2012 Feb; 47:1196-204.
[10]. Hu W, Li L, Su M. Spatial inequity of multi-level healthcare services in a rapid expanding immigrant city of China: a case study of Shenzhen. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019 Sep; 16(18):3441.
[11]. Raymond L, Morin FG, Marchessault RH. Degree of deacetylation of chitosan using conductometric titration and solid-state NMR. Carbohydrate Research. 1993 Aug 17; 246(1):331-6.
[12]. Bagheri-Khoulenjani S, Taghizadeh SM, Mirzadeh H. An investigation on the short-term biodegradability of chitosan with various molecular weights and degrees of deacetylation. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2009 Nov 17; 78(4):773-8.
[13]. Taghizadeh SM, Takrousta M, Davari G, YOUSEFI M. "Preparation of Chitosan with Difeerrent Degrees of Deacetylation And Comparison Of Its Different Characterization Methods. 2005: 291-297.
[14]. Wu AC, Bough WA, Conrad EC, Alden Jr KE. Determination of molecular-weght distribution of chitosan by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. 1976 Nov 17; 128(1):87-99.
[15]. Kumar MN. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and functional polymers. 2000 Nov 1; 46(1):1-27.
[16]. Taghizadeh SM, Davari G. Preparation, characterization, and swelling behavior of N-acetylated and deacetylated chitosans. Carbohydrate polymers. 2006 Apr 19; 64(1):9-15.
[17]. Tokura S, Nishi N, Noguchi J. Studies on chitin. III. Preparation of chitin fibers. Polymer Journal. 1979 Oct; 11(10):781-6.
[18]. Rinaudo M, Pavlov G, Desbrieres J. Influence of acetic acid concentration on the solubilization of chitosan. Polymer. 1999 Dec 1; 40(25):7029-32.
[19]. Rinaudc M, Pavlov G, Desbrieres J. Solubilization of chitosan in strong acid medium. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization. 1999 Jun 1; 5(3):267-76.
[20]. Cho J, Heuzey MC, Bégin A, Carreau PJ. Physical gelation of chitosan in the presence of β-glycerophosphate: the effect of temperature. Biomacromolecules. 2005 Nov 14; 6(6):3267-75.
[21]. Sinha VR, Singla AK, Wadhawan S, Kaushik R, Kumria R, Bansal K, Dhawan S. Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2004 Apr 15; 274(1-2):1-33.
[22]. Mitra A, Dey B. Chitosan microspheres in novel drug delivery systems. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2011 Jul; 73(4):355.
[23]. Denkbas EB, Odabasi M, Kiliçay E, Özdemir N. Human serum albumin (HSA) adsorption with chitosan microspheres. Journal of applied polymer science. 2002 Dec 13; 86(12):3035-9.
[24]. Sun Y, Liu Y, Liu W, Lu C, Wang L. Chitosan microparticles ionically cross-linked with poly (γ-glutamic acid) as antimicrobial peptides and nitric oxide delivery systems. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2015 Mar 15; 95:78-85.
[25]. Guliyeva Ü, Öner F, Özsoy Ş, Haziroğlu R. Chitosan microparticles containing plasmid DNA as potential oral gene delivery system. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2006 Jan 1; 62(1):17-25.
[26]. Taghizadeh S, Sadeghi M, Ganji F, Chitosan and Its Microparticles as Carriers in Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview, Polymerization, 2017; 6(4): 4-19.
[27]. Varshosaz J. The promise of chitosan microspheres in drug delivery systems. Expert opinion on drug delivery. 2007 May 1; 4(3):263-73.
[28]. Sivaramakrishna D, Bhuvanachandra B, Mallakuntla MK, Das SN, Ramakrishna B, Podile AR. Pretreatment with KOH and KOH-urea enhanced hydrolysis of α-chitin by an endo-chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae. Carbohydrate polymers. 2020 May 1; 235:115952.
[29]. Wang W, Xue C, and Mao X. Chitosan: Structural modification, biological activity and application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020 Dec 1; 164:4532-46.
[30]. Kashyap PL, Xiang X, Heiden P. Chitosan nanoparticle based delivery systems for sustainable agriculture. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2015 Jun 1; 77:36-51.
[31]. Sheikholeslami ZS, Salimi-Kenari H, Imani M, Atai M, Nodehi A. Exploring the effect of formulation parameters on the particle size of carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles prepared via reverse micellar crosslinking. Journal of microencapsulation. 2017 Apr 3; 34(3):270-9.
[32]. Kamat V, Marathe I, Ghormade V, Bodas D, Paknikar K. Synthesis of monodisperse chitosan nanoparticles and in situ drug loading using active microreactor. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2015 Oct 21; 7(41):22839-47.
[33]. Wang J, Zhuang S. Removal of various pollutants from water and wastewater by modified chitosan adsorbents. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 2017 Dec 2; 47(23):2331-86.
[34]. Zhang L, Zeng Y, Cheng Z. Removal of heavy metal ions using chitosan and modified chitosan: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2016 Feb 1; 214:175-91.
[35]. Upadhyay U, Sreedhar I, Singh SA, Patel CM, Anitha KL. Recent advances in heavy metal removal by chitosan based adsorbents. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2021 Jan 1; 251:117000.
[36]. Yoshida A, Miyazaki T, Ishida E, Ashizuka M. Preparation of bioactive chitosan-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for bone repair through mechanochemical reaction. Materials transactions. 2004; 45(4):994-8.
[37]. Azmy EA, Hashem HE, Mohamed EA, Negm NA. Synthesis, characterization, swelling and antimicrobial efficacies of chemically modified chitosan biopolymer. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2019 Jun 15; 284:748-54.
[38]. Wang J, Chen C. Chitosan-based biosorbents: modification and application for biosorption of heavy metals and radionuclides. Bioresource technology. 2014 May 1; 160:129-41.
[39]. Rocha LS, Almeida Â, Nunes C, Henriques B, Coimbra MA, Lopes CB, Silva CM, Duarte AC, Pereira E. Simple and effective chitosan based films for the removal of Hg from waters: Equilibrium, kinetic and ionic competition. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016 Sep 15; 300:217-29.
[40]. Elsabee MZ, Morsi RE, Fathy M. Chitosan-oregano essential oil blends use as antimicrobial packaging material. InAntimicrobial food packaging 2016 Jan 1 (pp. 539-551). Academic Press.
[41]. Sutirman ZA, Rahim EA, Sanagi MM, Abd Karim KJ, Ibrahim WA. New efficient chitosan derivative for Cu (II) ions removal: characterization and adsorption performance. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020 Jun 15; 153:513-22.
[42]. Filipkowska U, Jóźwiak T, Szymczyk P. Application of cross-linked chitosan for phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives. 2014(19):5-14.
[43]. Vakili M, Deng S, Li T, Wang W, Wang W, Yu G. Novel crosslinked chitosan for enhanced adsorption of hexavalent chromium in acidic solution. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2018 Sep 1; 347:782-90.