The Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness on Feelings of Loneliness, Self-criticism and Negative Self-generated Thoughts in Mothers with Disabled Children

Subject Areas : Woman and Society

Soleiman yahyazadehJeloudar ¹ , Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi ² , SeedMehdie Motevaliyan ³

1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran
2 - Master's degree in General psychology, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Social sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran

Received: 2023-05-04 Accepted : 2024-04-15 Published : 2024-04-20

Keywords: loneliness, cognitive therapy, mindfulness, Self Criticism, Negative Self generated thoughts,

Abstract :

Introduction and Objective: the presence of disabled children and their care in every family affects the mental health of family members, especially mothers. The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on the feeling of loneliness, self-criticism and negative spontaneous thoughts in mothers with disabled children.

Method: The research method is semi-experimental. The statistical population of the research includes mothers with disabled children in Noor welfare center in 1400. The statistical sample was considered based on the research design of 30 people who were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. For collect the information of this research, Russell‚ Russell et al (1980) loneliness questionnaires, Thampson and Zuroff (2004) self-criticism, and Hollon & Kendall (1980) negative spontaneous thoughts were used. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention sessions were implemented based on the 8-session protocol Bowns and Marlatt (2011).

Findings: The results of covariance analysis showed that cognitive therapy training based on mindfulness reduces the feeling of loneliness in mothers with disabled children by 0.55, reduces self-criticism by 0.23, and reduces negative self-inflicted thoughts. In mothers of disabled children, it has an effect of 0.35.

Conclusion The results show that cognitive therapy training based on mindfulness reduced the feeling of loneliness, self-criticism and negative spontaneous thoughts in mothers with disabled children, so it can be said that in order to reduce the feeling of loneliness, self-criticism and negative spontaneous thoughts, cognitive therapy training based on Mothers with disabled children can benefit from mindfulness.

References:

1.    Economides M, Martman J, Bell MJ, Sanderson B. Improvements in stress, affect, and irritability following brief use of a mindfulness-based smartphone app: a randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness. 2018;9(5):1584-93.     
2.    Werner AM, Tibubos AN, Rohrmann S, Reiss N. The clinical trait self-criticism and its relation to psychopathology: A systematic review–Update. Journal of affective disorders. 2019;246:530-47.
3.    Sewart AR, Niles AN, Burklund LJ, Saxbe DE, Lieberman MD, Craske MG. Examining positive and negative affect as outcomes and moderators of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behavior therapy. 2019;50(6):1112-24.   
4.    Ertekin H, Beyazit F, Sahin B. Evaluation of psychiatric symptoms and automatic negative thoughts among menopausal women. Medicine Science. 2018;7(3):507-10.
5.    Thamboo PA. The effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on feelings of loneliness and ruminative thinking. 2016.        
6.    Mance P. An epidemic of loneliness 2001-2017: researchGae, 14 (2), 2-30; 2018.
7.    Salehi M, Kushki, S. & Haqdost, N. Comparison of general health, coping styles and happiness of mothers of physically disabled and healthy children. Journal of Psychological Research. 1390;9(3):1-12.
8.    Jayalakshmi S, Padmaja G, Vooturi S, Bogaraju A, Surath M. Impact of family support on psychiatric disorders and seizure control in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2014;37:7-10.
9.    Ostadiankhani Z, Fadiemoghadam M. Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy on Social Adjustment and Social Phobia Among Physically-Disabled Persons. USWR. 2017;18(1):63-72.
10.  Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1980;39(3):472.
11.  Thompson R, Zuroff DC. The Levels of Self-Criticism Scale: Comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism. Personality and individual differences. 2004;36(2):419-30.
12.  Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire [press release]. Germany: Springer1980.
13.  Besse R, Whitaker WKLA. Reducing loneliness: The impact of mindfulness, social cognitions, and coping. Psychological Reports. 2022;125(3):1289-304.
14.  Hashemi T, Rastghar L, Khanjani Z, Mashinchi N. Effect of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Treatment on the Continuance of Caregiving Behaviors in Mothers of Children with Chronic Illness. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches. 2015;10(38):187-201.
15.  Schanche E, Vøllestad J, Visted E, Lillebostad Svendsen J, Binder PE, Osnes B, et al. Self‐criticism and self‐reassurance in individuals with recurrent depression: Effects of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy and relationship to relapse. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 2021;21(3):621-32.
16.  Kopala-Sibley D, Zuroff D. Self-Criticism and Dependency. 2017. p. 3031-3.
17.  Bakhtiarpour S, Yousefi, F., Maleki, B. & Erfani Insaf, M. The effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in reducing depression of mothers with physically-motor disabled children The first international conference of modern researches in the field of educational sciences, psychology and social studies of Iran 1395.        
18.  Amiri ME, M. The effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on reducing the frequency of spontaneous thoughts of mothers with physically-motor disabled children.  The first international conference of modern researches in the field of educational sciences, psychology and social studies of Iran1395.      
19.  Nikkhah B, Haqqani, R. & Tari, S. The effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on negative spontaneous thoughts and sleep problems of female students with depressive disorder. Journal of Empowerment of Exceptional Children, 1398, 10th Year 4(34)12-1.
20.  Burgdorf V, Szabó M, Abbott MJ. The effect of mindfulness interventions for parents on parenting stress and youth psychological outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:1336.     
21.  Mousavy-Khatat M, Soleimani M, A'Bdi K. Comparison of Cognitive, Psychological and Social Characteristics, between Parents Who Have More Than One Exceptional Child with Parents of Normal Child. USWR. 2011;12(3):53-64.
22.  Arjamandania AA, G A. And the name of Muhammad Saleh. Comparison of psychological pressure and marital satisfaction and perceived social support of parents of mentally disabled children and normal children in Golestan province. Exceptional Education. 2013;116(13):5-15.
23.  Zairi S, Bahraini, M., Mirzaei, K., Ravipour, M. & Zairi, S. Comparison of hierarchy of power, cohesion and structure of families with disabled children and without disabled children in Bushehr city from the point of view of their mothers. Journal of Southern Medicine, 1396, 20 (2), 180-192.        
24.  Fernández L, Rubini A, Soriano JM, Aldás-Manzano J, Blesa J. Anthropometric assessment of Nepali children institutionalized in orphanages. Children. 2020;7(11):217.           
25.  Sigman-Grant M, Hayes J, VanBrackle A, Fiese B. Family resiliency: A neglected perspective in addressing obesity in young children. Childhood Obesity. 2015;11(6):664-73.
26.  Mann F, Bone JK, Lloyd-Evans B, Frerichs J, Pinfold V, Ma R, et al. A life less lonely: the state of the art in interventions to reduce loneliness in people with mental health problems. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2017;52:627-38.
27.  Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Hanratty B. Loneliness, social isolation and social relationships: what are we measuring? A novel framework for classifying and comparing tools. BMJ open. 2016;6(4):e010799.       
28.  Zorastund A, Tizdast, T., Khalatbari, J. & AbulQasemi S. The effectiveness of therapy focused on self-compassion on marital self-regulation, marital burnout and self-criticism of infertile women. Behavioral Science Research Quarterly, 1398, 17(4), 593-602.  
29.  Whittingham K. Parents of children with disabilities, mindfulness and acceptance: A review and a call for research. Mindfulness. 2014;5(6):704-9.   
30.  Self-criticism impacts emotional responses to pain, (2019).         
31.  Paul A. Frewen EME, Nicholas Maraj et al.,. Letting Go: Mindfulness and Negative Automatic Thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2008, 32, 758–774.       
 32.  Clarke D, Goosen T. The mediating effects of coping strategies in the relationship between automatic negative thoughts and depression in a clinical sample of diabetes patients. Personality and individual differences. 2009;46(4):460-4.
33.  Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness for All: The Wisdom to Transform the World2019.
34.  Malinowski P, Lim HJ. Mindfulness at Work: Positive Affect, Hope, and Optimism Mediate the Relationship Between Dispositional Mindfulness, Work Engagement, and Well-Being. Mindfulness. 2015;6(6):1250-62.
35.  Farb N, Anderson A, Ravindran A, Hawley L, Irving J, Mancuso E, et al. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depressive disorder with either mindfulness-based cognitive therapy or cognitive therapy. (1939-2117 (Electronic).
36.  Parsons CE, Crane C, Parsons LJ, Fjorback LO, Kuyken W. Home practice in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of participants' mindfulness practice and its association with outcomes. (1873-622X (Electronic).
37.  Solati K. The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Resilience among the Wives of Patients with Schizophrenia. (2249-782X (Print).
38.  Tickell A, Ball S, Bernard P, Kuyken W, Marx R, Pack S, et al. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services. (1868-8527 (Print).
39.  Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse: Book review [press release]. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis2002.
40.  Delavar A. Research methodology in psychology and educational sciences. The fourth edition of the publication editing Tehran(Persian). 2009.     
41.  Mirderikvand F. The relationship between loneliness and academic performance, anxiety, depression and self-esteem in middle school students of Poldakhter city: Ministry of Science, Research and Technology - Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz - Faculty of Science; 1378.  
42.  Mousavi A, Ghorbani N. Self-criticism, self-knowledge and mental health. Journal of Psychological Studies. 2006;2:75-93.
43.  Kaviani H, Javaheri, F. & Bahirai, H. The effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on Akashi mind in reducing negative spontaneous thoughts, dysfunctional attitudes, depression and anxiety: 60-day follow-up. New Quarterly Journal of Psychological Sciences, 1384, 7(1), 49-59.
44.  Brown S. Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors: A Clinician's Guide, by Sarah Bowen, Neha Chawla, and G. Alan Marlatt. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions. 2012;12:316-7.
45.  Ghafarinia R, Valizadeh, S.,  Akbari, S. & Karimi, S. Examining the mental health status of mothers with disabled children. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/895824/fa. 2016.
46.  Segal Z, Williams M, Teasdale J. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Guilford publications; 2018.
47.  Ehsan Keshtvarz K, Nadereh S, Bahram I. A Causal Explanation of Students' Academic Avoidance Based on Mindfulness and Academic Self-Concept. Studies in Learning & Instruction. 2022;13(2):218-40.
48.  Karami GR, Ameli J, Roeintan R, Jonaidi-Jafari N, Saburi A. Impacts of mustard gas exposure on veterans mental health: A study on the role of education. Ind Psychiatry J. 2013;22(1):22-5.         
49.  Bohlmeijer E, Prenger R Fau - Taal E, Taal E Fau - Cuijpers P, Cuijpers P. The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: a meta-analysis. (1879-1360 (Electronic)).
50.  Pat Ogden KM, Clare Pain, Daniel J Siegel, Bessel van der Kolk. Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology): Norton Professional Books.   
51.  Barrett L, Gross J, Conner T, Benvenuto M. Knowing what you're feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion. 2001;15:713-24.

_||_