Gender Attitude and its Effective Factors (A Comparative Cross-Country Study (
Subject Areas : Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society
1 - assistant professor of social sciences department, payamenoor university
Keywords: Gender, Patriarchy, Gender Attitudes, Gender equality, Modernization chy, Modernization,
Abstract :
The close link between gender differences and the issue of inequality and power has transformed gender sociology into one of the growing and most important areas of sociology and cultural studies. In addition to conducting a comparative study of gender attitude in different countries, the paper attempts to explain different attitudes toward gender, by referring to conceptual-theoretical tools of "patriarchal discourse" and "modernity discourse". The theoretical reasoning of the article is that the inclusive and historical discourse of patriarchy, which produces an unequal gender attitude, is now challenged in opposition to modernity discourse and its equalitarian achievements. This hypothesis has been tested empirically by examining the relationship between "modernization" (in terms of economic, social, political and gender dimensions) and the "gender attitude" index. Methodologically, the study was conducted using the documentary method and secondary analysis of data from valid database and among 80 countries from 2005 to 2014. In the descriptive findings part of the study, gender attitude has been measured among the countries of the world and differentiated into five distinct clusters based on a spectrum of "totally equalitarian attitudes" to "purely patriarchal attitudes". The study of the relationship between modernization indicators and gender attitude confirms theoretical assumptions. Countries that rank higher in the indicators of modernization have an "equalitarian" gender attitude, and vice versa, countries with lower levels of modernization have a "patriarchal attitude". One of the other findings of this study is the decisive effect of the "Islam" on gender attitude.
- Ahmadi, V. (2013). Changing attitudes towards gender inequality during the demographic transition, Applied sociology, 24(51), 15-34 (PERSIAN)
- Alexander, A. & Welzel, C. (2011). Islam And Patriarchy: How Robust Is Muslim Support For Patriarchal Values?, World Values Research (WVR), 4(2): 40-70
- Bettencourt, K. E. F., Vacha-Haase, T., & Byrne, Z. S. (2011). Older and Younger Adults’ Attitudes toward Feminism: The Influence of Religiosity, Political Orientation, Gender, Education, and Family. Sex Roles, 64 (11-12), 863-874.
- Bradley, Harriet. (1996). Fractured Identities: Changing Patterns of Inequality, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Brewer, Rose, M. (1993). Theorizing Race, Class and Gender: The New Scholarship of Black Feminist Intellectuals and Black Women’s Labor, In: Stanlie M. Jasmes and Abena, P. A. Busia, Theorizing Black Feminisms: The Visionary Pragmatism of Black Women. New York: Routledge.
- Bryant, A. N. (2003). Changes in Attitudes toward Women's Roles: Predicting Gender role Traditionalism among College Students. Sex Roles, 48 (3-4), 131-142.
- Dobash, R, E. & Dobash, R, P.(1979), Violence Against Wives, New York: Free Press
- EIU (2017), The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index Of Democracy (2005 -2014), In: Https://Www.Eiu.Com (May 2017)
- Falahati, L. (2016). Attitude towards gender roles in relation to ethnicity and gender, Iranian cultural research, 9(33), 33-59 (PERSIAN)
- Foroutan, Y. (2008). Gender socialization in school textbooks in Iran, Woman in development and politics, 8(3), 195-216 (PERSIAN)
- Foroutan, Y. (2010). Representation of women's employment patterns in Iranian textbooks, Woman in development and politics, 9(3), 39-78 (PERSIAN)
- Foroutan, Yaghoub. (2009). ″Gender And Religion: The Status of Women in the Muslim World″. In P. Beyer, & P. Clarck, the World's Religion: Continuities and Transformations (PP 223-235). London and New York: Routledge.
- Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender Role Attitudes and the Labor-Market Outcomes of Women across OECD Countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(3), 416-438.
- Giddens, A. (2006). Sociology, (Fifth Edition), Cambridge: Polity.
- Goldberg, W. A., Kelly, E., Matthews, N. L., Kang, H., Li, W., & Sumaroka, M. (2012). The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same: Gender, Culture, and College Students’ Views about Work and Family. Journal of Social Issues, 68 (4), 814-837.
- HDR (2016), Human Development Report, Human Development For Everyone, In: Http://Hdr.Undp.Org/En/2016-Report (July 2017)
- HDR (2017), Human Development Report (2005 -2014), In: Http://Hdr.Undp.Org (May 2017)
- Humm, M. (1995). The Dictionary of Feminist Theory, Ohio State University Press
- Lucier-Greer, M., & Adler-Baeder, F. (2011). An Examination of Gender Role Attitude Change Patterns among Continuously Married, Divorced, and Remarried Individuals. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52 (4), 225-243.
- Mason, K. O., & Lu, Y. H. (1988). Attitudes toward Women's Familial Roles: Changes in the United States, 1977-1985. Gender & Society, 2 (1), 39-57.
- Mcquiilan, K. (2004). When Does Religion Influence Fertility?, Population And Development Review, 30 (1), 25-56
- Morgan, M. Y. (1987). The Impact of Religion on Gender-Role Attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11 (3), 301-310.
- Nash, K. (2010).Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics and Power, 2nd Edition, Wiley – Blackwell.
- Obermeyer, C. M. (1992). Islam, Women, And Politics: The Demography Of Arab Countries, Population And Development Review, 18 (1), 33-60
- Parsons, T & Robert, F. B, (1956), Family: Socialization And Interaction Proses, London: Routledge And Kegan Paul
- Pew Research Center. (2017). The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups As Of 2010. The Pew Forum On Religion & Public Life, In: http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/ (December 2017)
- Piran, P. (2004). Patriarchy and Women's Reproductive Health, Social Welfare, 3(13), 168-197 (PERSIAN)
- Pishgahifard, Z. & Polab, U. (2009). Future Studies on the Situation of Women's Employment in the Middle East with an Emphasis on the Status of Iran, Women's Research, 7(3), 89-106 (PERSIAN)
- Read, J. N. G. (2003). The Sources of Gender Role Attitudes among Christian and Muslim Arab-American Women. Sociology of Religion, 64 (2), 207-222.
- Roerbaek, L. L. (2015). Islamic Culture, Oil, And Women’s Rights Revisited, Politics and Religion, 9(1), 61-83.
- Sheikhavandi, D. (2006), Reflection of Gender Identity in Social Education Books in Primary and Secondary Education, Journal of Education, 22(3), 93-120 (PERSIAN)
- United Nations Development Programme. (2016). Human Development Report (2010 -2016), In: Http://Hdr.Undp.Org/En/Data (December 2017)
- Walby, Sylvia (1989). Theorizing Patriarchy, Sociology, 23 (2), 213-234
- WEF (2016). World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Report 2016, In: Http://Www3.Weforum.Org/Docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.Pdf (December 2017)
- WIDER (2017), World Income Inequality Database (WIID), In: Https://Www.Wider.Unu.Edu (May 2017)
- World Bank (2017), World Bank Open Data, In: Https://Data.Worldbank.Org/Indicator (May 2017)
- World Economic Forum (2014). The Global Gender Gap Report 2014
- WVS (2017), World Values Survey: Wave 5 & 6 (2005 - 2014), In: Http://Www.Worldvaluessurvey.Org (May 2017)
- Youssef, N. H. (1971). ″Social Structure and the Female Labor Force: The Case of Women Workers in Muslim Middle Eastern Countries″. Demography, 8 (4), PP 427-439.
- Zahrevand, R. (2004). The relationship between perception of gender roles and gender satisfaction, Woman in development and politics, 2(2), 117-125 (PERSIAN)
- Zeimaran, M. (1999). Michel Foucault, Knowledge and Power, Tehran: Herman Publishing (PERSIAN)
_||_