Analysis of the challenges of nomad women's employment in Zrdlan tribal region (Introduced qualitative approach underlying theory in the study of rural geography)

Subject Areas : Regional Planning

Masomeh Jamshidi ¹ , Alireza Jamshidi ²

1 - استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه غیر انتفاعی باختر، ایلام، ایران
2 - دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، مدرس مدعو دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

Received: 2016-04-17 Accepted : 2017-04-20 Published : 2017-03-21

Keywords: Grounded theory, Qualitative approach, Nomad women's employment, Rural geography studies, Chardavol township,

Abstract :

Given the importance of nomad women's employment in improving their household economy, the aim of this qualitative study is to explore the challenges of employment and income for women nomads Chardavol township of Ilam. One of the main purposes of this study is to introduce the Grounded theory to the researches of rural geography. Data have been gathered through documents, semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions. This study has been used to code techniques including open, axial and selective for analyzing the data. Zrdlan tribal region in the district of Holeilan in the Chardavol Township located in Ilam is the region of the study. The population of this study was all nomad women that were active in producing dairy products and Handicraft. Sample size 28 was purposefully selected on the basis of theoretical saturation sampling. Data collected in the form of 49 concept, 7 major categories and a core category then were analyzed. 7 major categories are: The conditions of production to the market. Production problems and reduce the production of women, heavy duty of tribal women, geographic isolation of tribal areas. Lifestyle of nomads changes because of lack of support from the government and the authorities and and tends to work in industries. The results showed that the mean age of women was 58.32 that 85 percent work in dairy products and 15% in crafts. Furthermore, the results showed that production problems and reduce the output level of tribal women are interactive and responsive to governing conditions in tribal areas that led to declining economic status of tribal women that has negative consequences.

References:

1. Alavian, S, M. R (2002): Female labor in Iranian law and international labor rights, intellectuals and women's studies Publications, Tehran. (in perseian)


2. Aman Pour, S and Hasiri, A (2015): The villagers attitude to the status of rural women in economic and social activities in rural areas (Case Study: Shahnia village, the Bordekhoon, First National Conference on Tourism, Geography and a clean environment, Hamedan, http://www.civilica.com/Paper-NTGCE01-NTGCE01_173.html. (in perseian).


3. Bani Borgari, J. Jahanbakhsh, I. Haghighateian, M and Ravan Mehr, F (2013): Evaluate the impact of rural women (tribes) on the household economy in Lordegan township, Second National Conference of Modern Management Sciences, Gorgan, non-profit institution of higher education of Hakim Jorjani, http://www.civilica.com/Paper-CMMS02-CMMS02_399.html. (in perseian).


4. Blumer, H, (1969): Symbolic interactionism: perspective and method. Englewood Cliffe, NJ: Prentice Hall.


5. Cheraghi, T. Cheraghi, M (2015): The Role of Extension Education initiatives in domestic employment of tribal women in Ilam Province, The first scientific conference of new findings of management science, entrepreneurship and education, Tehran, http://www.civilica.com/Paper-EMCONF01-EMCONF01_252.html. (in perseian)


6. Corbin, y, and Strauss, A, (1990): Grounded Theory Reseach: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria, Qualitative Sociology, 13, pp: 3-21.


7. Creswell, W.j, (2007), qualitative inquiry and research design, sage publications.


8. Danai Fard, H (2005): Theorising using an inductive approach: strategy of the conceptualization of the grounded theory, publishing Daneshvar-e- Raftar, Shahed University, Tehran. (in perseian).


9. Danai Fard, H. Alvani, S. M and Azar, Adel (2004): Qualitative research methodology in management: a comprehensive approach, Saffar Publications, Tehran. (in perseian).


10. Davarkhani, F (2006): Rural development and women's employment challenges, Geographical Studies, 55, Pp: 171-278. (in perseian)


11. Egan, T, (2002): Grounded Theory: Research and Theory Building, Advances in Developing Human Resources, Vol. 4, No. 3, Pp: 277-295.


12. Ghafari, Gh (2005): Women and Social Development, Journal of Women's Rights, Issue 10, published by SID, Teacher Training Unit, Tehran. (in perseian)


13. Glauser, B, (1998): Doing Grounded Theory: Issue and Discussion, Mill Valley, CA, Sociology Press.


14. Houman, H. A (2006): A Practical Guide of qualitative research, SAMT press, Tehran. (in Persian).


15. Iman, M. T and Mohammadian, M (2008): Methodology of the grounded theory, Journal of the Methodology of Human Sciences, 14(56), pp: 31-54. (in perseian).


16. Ismaili, H. Banai Negad, M. D. and Rnjdide Rezai, A (2015): Identification of factors affecting rural women's employment, The first international conference on the role of management of the Islamic Revolution in geometry of global military power (management, policy, economy, culture, security, accounting), Tehran, http://www.civilica.com/Paper-ICPEEE02-ICPEEE02_027.html. (in perseian)


17. Ismaili, R. Makaryan Frege, Z and Madadi, H  (2015): Women's employment survey on family functioning in Dehaghan township, International Conference on Management Economics and Social Sciences, Spain, International Center of Academic Communication (ICOAC)، Universitat Autonoma De Barcelona، http://www.civilica.com/Paper-ICEMSS01-ICEMSS01_102.html (in perseian)


18. Jamshidi, A. Seidai, S. A. Jamshidi, M. Jamini, D (2013): Analysis of the impact of women's employment in tribal areas on their family economy (case study: Nomads city Chardavol, Journal of Regional Planning, 3(12), Pp: 83-92. (in perseian).


19. Jamshidi, F (2012): Factors Affecting the employment of rural women in the Ilam province: case study: Shirvan and Chardavol township, Rural Development master's thesis, Supervisor: Dr. Mohammad Karim Moetamed, University of Guilan. (in perseian).    


20. Madani Pour, N (2006): Message of woman, No. 173, message woman dissemination, Qom. (in Persian).


21. Mehmetoglu, M, and Altinay, L, (2006): Examination of grounded thory analysis with an application to hospitality research, International Journal of Hospitaly Management, 25(7), pp: 12-33. Available at: www.sciencedirect.com.


22. Moghadam, V, (2002): Enhancing Woman's Economic Participation in the MENA Region, in Heba Handoussa and Safiris Tzannots, eds., Employment Creation and Social participation in the Middle East and North Africa, Cairo and New York: The American University in Cairo Press. 


23. Mohammad Pour, A (2013): Qualitative research methods, anti Method 1 (logic and design of qualitative research methodology, sociologists publications, Second Edition, Tehran. (in Persian).


24. Mohammad Pour, A and Iman, M. T (2008): Semantic Reconstruction of consequences of economic change in the Hewraman Takht region of Kurdistan in Iran: providing a grounded theory, Journal of Social Welfare, 7(27), Pp: 191-213. (in Persian).


25. Morse, J. M, and Richards, L, (2002): Read me first for a user’s guide to qualitative methods. London: Sage.


26. Pandit, N.R, (1996): The creation of theory: A recent application of grounded theory method, Qualitative Report , 2(4), http : // www. nova. edu/ssss/qr/qr2-4/Pandit . htm/


27. Pap Zan, A (2003): Design of combined model of local knowledge and formal in order to achieve a partnership system approach in the Kermanshah township, Doctoral thesis, Tehran University. (in perseian)


28. Pap Zan, A. Ghobadi, P. Zarafshani, K and Gravandi, Sh (2010): Problems and limitations of rural tourism using grounded theory (the village Hariri, Kermanshah Province), Journal of Rural research, 1(3), Pp: 25-52. (in perseian).


29. Pap Zan, A. Hosseini, S. M. Azkeia, M and Emadi, M. H (2007): Formulation a conceptual model obtained from integrating indigenous knowledge and Official using grounded theory in order to achieve proper extension approach: A Case Study: Bilavar areas in Kermanshah township, 15(58), Pp: 151-176. (in perseian).


30. Pap Zan, A. Khaledi, Kh and Soleimani, A (2011): Evaluation of technical and vocational trainings for rural women in the field of handicrafts, Journal of Women Sociology 2(3), Pp: 21-37. (in perseian).


31. Pooya, A. R and Tabatabai, H (2011): Qualitative Research strategy of grounded theory: the concept, paradigm, features and additional topics, Police Human Development, 8(37), Pp: 11-38. (in perseian).


32. Safiri, Kh (1998): Sociology of Women's Employment, First Printing, Tebyan Cultural Institute, Tehran. (in perseian).


33. Seymour, N, (2001): Women entreprenerneus in the developing world, August, Coffman Center for entrepreneurial leadership, Digest number: 1-04.


34. Shadi Talab, Zh (1996): Employment of women in the development process, cooperation, woman and Employment conference, the Ministry of Cooperatives, Tehran. (in perseian).


35. Shakour, A. Rezai, M. R (2010): Check and compare productive economy patterns in Qashqaees tribe of Firozabad and trends of them to change the livelihood, Journal of Human Geography, 2(2), Pp: 123-133. (in perseian).


36. Sharbatian, M. H (2008): Aspects and social barriers to women's employment, Journal of peik-e- Nour, 7(3), Pp: 85-95. (in perseian).


37. Straus, A, (1987): Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientist, New York: Cambridge University Press.


38. Strauss, A and Corbin, J (2003): Basics of qualitative research, technology and production processes of the grounded theory, Translated by Ebrahim Afshar, Nei Publishing, Third Edition, Tehran. (in perseian)


39. Van Damme, Maike, Kalmijn, Matthijs, (2014): The dynamic relationships between union dissolution and women’s employment: A life-history analysis of 16 countries, Social Science Research, 48, pp. 261-278.


40. Whetten, D. A, (1989): What constitutes a theoretical contribution ?, Acadomy of Management Review, 4, Pp: 490-492 .


41. Yousefy, A, and Baratali, M, (2011): Women, Employment and Higher Education Schoolings, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, Pp: 3861–3869.


42. Zhang, Y, Hannum, E, and M, Wang, (2008): Gender-Based EmploymentAnd Income Differences In urban China: Considering the ContributionsOf Marriage And Parenthood, Social Forces, 86(4), Pp: 1529–1560.