The Personality Type of Successful Rural Women in Home-based Economic Activities Based on the Model of DISK
Subject Areas : Regional PlanningVahid Aliabadi 1 , Pouria Ataei 2 , Saeed Gholamrezai 3
1 - Ph.D. Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2 - Ph.D. Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Rural Development, College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran.
Keywords: rural women, Rural Development, women’s’ Personality Type, home-based economic activities, behavioral model of DISK,
Abstract :
Rural women are more likely than men to poverty and gender discrimination and most of them are marginalized and controlled by men. The involvement of rural women in home-based economic activities can be an important contribution to rural development. Furthermore, personality type of rural women can be effective relationship in establishment of home-based economic activities successfully or unsuccessfully. Accordingly, this study aimed to understand the personality type of rural women in home-based economic activities using behavioral model of DISK. 1542 participated rural women in home-based economic activities of Kermanshah Province were considered as research population. The research sample was estimated by multi-stage random cluster sampling approach (n = 325). Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. The results showed that most successful and unsuccessful women have influence and steadiness personality types, respectively. Also, the results of logistic regression revealed that the extent of experience, assigned time to activities, income and the use of social networks can explain 28% of success of rural women in home-based economic activities. The present study can better understand the behavioral model of disk and develop theoretical foundations of rural entrepreneurship. Also, the results of the research can be used to recognize rural women's personality in formulating educational-extension programs and public policy in order to stimulate rural women for development of home-based economic activities.
1- Aazami, M., Ataei, P., Aliabadi, V., & Maryam Mousivand, M. (2016): Assessment of Psychological Empowerment Components on the Women's Participation in Community-Based Organizations: Structural Equation Usage. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, 7(25), 143-162. (In Persian).
2- Aazami, M., Izadi, N., & Ataei, P. (2019): Women’s participation in rural cooperatives in Iran. Rural Society, 1-16. doi:10.1080/10371656.2019.1687872
3- Adeleke, O. A., & Alani, F. S. (2020): Participation in Social Group and Wellbeing Status of Rural Women in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 24(1), 13-23. doi:10.4314/jae.v24i1.2
4- Ahlin, B., Drnovsˇek, M., & Hisrich, R. D. (2014): Entrepreneurs’ creativity and firm innovation: the moderating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Small Bus Econ, 43, 101–117.
5- Amiri, S., Ghasemi, A., & Azad Mazabadi, E. (2016): Moral decision making and executive functions in adolescents based on individual differences in biological Types of personality. Contemporary Psychology, 11(2), 81-93. (In Persian)
6- Armenda´riz, B., and Morduch, J. (2007): The economics of microfinance. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT press.
7- Armenda´riz, B., and Labie, M. (2011): The handbook of microfinance. Singapore and Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Company Incorporated.
8- Ataei, P., & Zamani, N. (2017). Psychological Empowerment Levels of the Tafihan Women Cooperative in Shiraz. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, 8(29), 57-77.
9- Bakhshayesh, A R. (2013): The Relationship Between Personality Types And General Health With Job Satisfaction Of Yazd Health Center Staffs. Payavard, 7(1): 42-55. (In Persian).
10- Bateman, M. (2010): Why doesn’t microfinance work? The destructive rise of local neoliberalism. London: Zed Books.
11- Birendra, K. C., Morais, D. B., Seekamp, E., Smith, J. W., & Peterson, M. N. (2018): Bonding and Bridging Forms of Social Capital in Wildlife Tourism Microentrepreneurship: An Application of Social Network Analysis. Sustainability, 10(2), 17. doi:10.3390/su 10020315
12- Bratnicki M. (2005): Organizational entrepreneurship: Theoretical background, some empirical tests, and directions for future research. Human Factors and Economics in Manufacturing, 15(1), 15-33.
13- Castrogiovanni G.J. Urbano D., Loras J. (2011): Linking corporate entrepreneurship and human resource management in SMEs. International Journal of Manpower, 32(1), 34-47.
14- Cheng Shen, C. (2010): “Business model of virtual communitythe case study of companies using Facebook social networking site.” Master’s thesis, Department of business management.
15- Ciavarella M.A. , Buchholtz A.K., Riordan Ch. N., Gatewood. R. D., Stokes G. S. (2004): The big five and venture survival: Is there a linkage?, Journal of Business Venturing, 19 .
16- Coleman, S. (2007): The role of human and financial capital in the profitability and growth of women-owned small firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 45(3): 303–319.
17- Conway, C. (2017): Home-based businesses. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 18(1), 75-75.
18- Daskin, Mustafa (2016): “Investigating the Influential Factors on Small and Medium-Sized Hospitality Entrepreneurs at the Start- Up Process: A Preliminary Study from Ipoh/Malaysia”, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 5(1), 51-69.
19- Deffains-Crapsky, C., and P. G. Klein. (2016): "Business Angels, Social Networks, and Radical Innovation." In Contemporary Entrepreneurship: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Innovation and Growth, edited by D. Bögenhold, J. Bonnet, M. Dejardin, & D. Garcia Pérez de Lema, 275–290. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
20- Ehsanifar, T., Shahmoradi, M., Moradiyan, P., Rostami, F., & Farahmand, K. (2018): Rural Women's Entrepreneurship Development Barriers (Case Study: Women entrepreneurs in Lahijan city). Journal of Entrepreneurship in Agriculture, 5(1): 93-106. (In Persian).
21- Fakhri, A., Haghdost, M., & Maraashi, B. (2014): The Relation between A and B Personality Types with Educational Performance in Medical Students of Ahvaz Jundishapur Medical Sciences University. Educational Development of Judishapur, 5(2), 172-175. (In Persian).
22- Farashi, M., Rahimian, M., & Gholamrezai, S. (2019): Analysis of the factors affecting the empowerment of rural women receiving microcredits in the Nahavand Township. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, 10(37), 97-120. (In Persian).
23- Fattah, K. N., & Camellia, S. (2020): Gender Norms and Beliefs, and Men's Violence Against Women in Rural Bangladesh. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(3-4), 771-793. doi: 10.1177/0886260517690875
24- Fereidounpour, S., Pouyamanesh, J., & Mohammad, H. (2016): Prediction of job satisfaction based on personality type and perceived social support. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 3(4): 78-96. (In Persian).
25- Gabriel, V., Rojas, M., and Siga, L. (2009): On the nature of microentrepreneurship: evidence from Argentina, Applied Economics, 41: 21, 2667-2680.
26- Gentry, W., and Hubbard, R. (2004): Entrepreneurship and household saving, Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy 4(1): 1–55.
27- George, M.N., Parida, V., Lahti, T., & Wincent, J. (2014): A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: insights on influencing factors. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal
28- Ghadermarzi, H., Jamshidi, A., Jamini, D., & Nazari Sarmazeh, H. (2015). Identification Hampering Factors Affecting Development of Rural Women's (Case Study: Shalil Villages- Ardal Township). Regional Planning, 5(17), 103-118. (In Persian).
29- Govindan, Mini, and Jaya Bhanot. (2014): Green jobs in India: potentials and perspectives. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
30- Hermes, N., and Lensink, R. (2011): Microfinance: Its impact, outreach and sustainability. World Development, 39(12): 875–881.
31- Hurtz G.M., Donovan J.J. (2000): Personality and job performance: The big five revisited. J. Appl. Psychol. 85, 869-879.
32- Huse M., Neubaum D.O., Gabrielsson J. (2005): Corporate innovation and competitive environment. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 313-333.
33- ILO. (2015): The Green Jobs Program of the ILO. online available at: www.uncclearn.org/sites/default/files/inventory/ilo25
34- Izadi, B. H., Rezaei Moghaddam, k., & Asadollahpour, A. (2016): Influencing Factors and Obstacles for Accomplishing Entrepreneurship Development in Agricultural Home-Based Businesses in Villages of Shiraz. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 12(1), 39-51. (In Persian).
35- Izadi, N., Ataei, P., & Yaghoubi Farani, A. (2018): Explaining the Sociological Problems of Women Cooperatives By Focusing On Managers’ Needed Capabilities. Journal of Woman and Culture, 10(37), 25-39. (In Persian).
36- Joddar, D. (2018): Sustainable Microentrepreneurship under Microfinance Programme: An Empirical Study. Pacific Business Review International, 10(9), 79-90.
37- Judge T. A., Bono J. E., Ilies R., Gerhardt M. W. (2002): Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 765-780.
38- Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J. A., Lans, T., Aazami, M., & Mulder, M. (2014): Fostering students’ competence in identifying business opportunities in entrepreneurship education. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, forthcoming.
39- Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J. A., Mahdei, K. N., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2015): Testing the relationship between personality characteristics, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intentions in a developing country. International Journal of Psychology,.
40- Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J. A., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2016): The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: A Study of Iranian Students' Entrepreneurial Intentions and Opportunity Identification. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 187-209.
41- Kc, B., Morais, D. B., Smith, J. W., Peterson, M. N., & Seekamp, E. (2019): Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Trust, Reciprocity, and Togetherness in Wildlife Tourism Microentrepreneurship. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(8), 1176-1198. doi:10.1177/1096348019840794
42- Kellett, P., and Tipple, A.G. (2000): The home as workplace: A study of incomegenerating activities within the domestic setting. Environment and Urbanization, 12(1): 203–213.
43- Kelley D., Bosma N., Amoros J. E. (2010): "Global entrepreneurship monitor 2010 global report"; Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA),.
44- Khakpoor, B. (2016): Social capital, empowerment of marginalized women and city labor work The case of study women society of Tabriz informal settlements. Journal of Geography and Urban Space Development, 2(1): 69-80. (In Persian).
45- Khodabakhshi, M., & Karami, A. (2017): Predication of occupational stress, personality types and organizational commitment. Career and Organizational Counseling, 32, 55-70. (In Persian).
46- Khosh Ravesh, W., Saeidian, Z., Vaezi, Y., & Abdullah Zadeh, A. (2019): The relationship between personality types and burnout through the mediation of interpersonal relationships in municipal employees. New Advances in Psychology, Educational Sciences and Education, 2(14), 42-32. (In Persian).
47- Kojo Dary, Stanley. (2011): “Participation in Rural Non-Farm Economic Activities in Ghana”.2(8), 154-161.
48- Krishnan, L. (2013): The Role of Competencies and Personality in Determining Success of Entrepreneurs in SMEs in Karnataka, India. International Business Management, 7(4): 258-266.
49- Kuratko D.F., Hornsby J.S., Bishop J.W. (2005): Managers’ corporate entrepreneurial actions and job satisfaction. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 275-291.
50- La Porta, R., and Shleifer, A. (2008): The unofficial economy and economic development, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall: 275–352.
51- Ladkin, A. & Szivas, E. (2015): “Green Jobs and Employment in Tourism”. Tourism in Green Economy. Edited by Maharaj Vijay Reddy and Keith Wilkes. London: Routledge. pp 115-127.
52- Loscocco, K., and Smith-Hunter, A. (2004): Women home-based business owners: Insights from comparative analyses. Women in Management Review, 19(3): 164-173.
53- Maden, Ceyda (2015): “A gendered lens on entrepreneurship: women entrepreneurship in Turkey”, Gender in Management, An International Journal,. 30(4), 312 – 331.
54- Mahmoudi, Gh., Javadi, M. & Sahraei, M. (2013): The relationship between thinking styles and personality types with motivation to progress in middle school students. Psychological Research, 5(18), 1-14. (In Persian).
55- McDougall, P.Ph. and Oviatt, B.M. (2000): International entrepreneurship: the intersection of two research path. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 902-906.
56- Modarresi, M., Arasti, Z., Talebi, K., & Farasatkhah, M. (2016): Women's entrepreneurship in Iran How are women owning and managing home-based businesses motivated to grow? International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 446-470. doi:10.1108/ijge-03-2016-0006
57- Montoro-Sa´nchezA., Soriano D. R. (2011): Human resource management and corporate entrepreneurship. International Journal of Manpower, 32(1), 6-13.
58- Movahedi, R & Yaghoubi-Farani, A. (2012): Analysis of the barriers and limitations for the development of rural women's entrepreneurship, Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 15(4), 469 - 487.
59- Mynard, M.T., Mathieu,J., Marsh,W (2009): A multilevel investigation of the influences of employee resistance to empowerment. Human performance. 20, 147-150.
60- Naderi Mahdy, K., & Vahdat Moadab, H. (2018): The effects of social capital components on the empowerment of the women engaged in home businesses. Women in Development & Politics, 16(2), 175-196. doi:10.22059/jwdp.2018.246253.1007315 (In Persian).
61- Nawaz, F. (2009): Critical Factors of Women entrepreneurship Development in Rural Bangladesh, Bangladesh Development Research Working Paper Series (BDRWPS) 5, Bangladesh Development Research Center (BDRC), 508 Fowler Street, Falls Church, VA 22046-2012, U.S.A.
62- Nicolaou N., Shane S., Cherkas L., Hunkin J., Spector T. (2008): Is the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship genetic? Management Science, 54(1), 22-37.
63- Papzan, A., Khaledi, K., & Soliemani, A. (2011). An Evaluation of Handicrafts Technical and Vocational Trainings of Rural Women. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, 2(7), 21-38. (In Persian).
64- Philip, L., & Williams, F. (2019): Remote rural home based businesses and digital inequalities: Understanding needs and expectations in a digitally underserved community. Journal of Rural Studies, 68, 306-318.
65- Poskus, M. S. (2020): Normative Influence of pro-Environmental Intentions in Adolescents with Different Personality Types. Current Psychology, 39(1), 263-276. doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9759-5
66- Rahman, A. (2004): Microcredit and poverty reduction: Trade-off between building institutions and reaching the poor. In H. Lont, and O. Hospes (Eds.), Livelihood and microfinance: Anthropological and sociological perspectives on savings and debt (Pp: 27–42). Delft: Eburon.
67- Raman, Kavitha, Anantharaman, R.N., Ramanathan, Santhi (2013): “Environmental, Personality and Motivational Factors: A Comparison Study between Women Entrepreneurs and Women Non Entrepreneurs in Malaysia”, International Journal of Businessand Management, 8(13), 15-23.
68- Rauch A., Frese M. (2007): Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owner’s personality traits, business creation, and success European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,16(4), 353-385.
69- Razavi, S.M. Asadi, M. Esfandabadi, H.M. & Ekbatani, H. (2014): “Design Patterns Barriers to Social Entrepreneurship: An Application of Grounded Theory, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(16): 6-15.
70- Rezaei, R. & Zarei, S. (2014): Viewpoints of rural women on effect of social capital components on their empowerment (Case study: Hassan- Khan village, Ghorveh Township, Women in Development & Politics, 12(2), 287-304.
71- Santon, M. (2010): The Impact of Higher Education on Entrepreneurial Intention of University Student in China. Academy of Management, (9): 114-125.
72- Schwartz, Y., Weizman, A., Fortus, D., Krajcik, J., & Reiser, B.J. (2009): The IQWST Experience: Using Coherence as a Design Principle for a Middle School Science Curriculum. Journal of Elementary School, 109(2): 199–219.
73- Sepehrian Azar, F., & Fatahy, O. (2014): Efficacy of enneagram personality types teaching on educational adjustment of students. CPAP. 2(10) :29-40. (In Persian).
74- Serafimovska, H. and Sotiroski, J. (2014): “Implications of the Legal Framework for the Development of Entrepreneurship”, International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(1), 263-273.
75- Shafiei Sabet, N., & Mirvahedi, N. (2019): Investigating the Impact of Planning Approach on Empowering Villagers in Sustainable Rural Development (Case Study: Ray and Pakdasht County). Regional Planning, 9(33), 87-104. (In Persian).
76- Shamsi, M., khorasani, m. a., & Motiee Langroodi, S. H. (2020): The effects of diversification into economic activities on the welfare of the rural community case study: the central district of Kerman county. Regional Planning, 10(37), 47-62. (In Persian).
77- Shane S. (2003): A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individualopportunity nexus; Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
78- Sharma, A., Dua, S., and Hatwal, V. (2012): Micro Enterprise Development and Rural Women Entrepreneurship: way for Economic Empowerment, Arth Prabandh: A Journal of Economics and Management, 1(6): 114-127.
79- Shojaeifard, A. (2020): Empowering and Creating Rural Entrepreneurship in Small Business Environment Case Study of Hormozgan Province Villages. Regional Planning, 9(36), 185-196. (In Persian).
80- Shui, Y., Xu, D. D., Liu, Y., & Liu, S. Q. (2020): Work-family balance and the subjective well-being of rural women in Sichuan, China. Bmc Womens Health, 20(1), 10. doi:10.1186/s12905-019-0871-6
81- Sinha, A. (2003): Experience of SMEs in South and South-East Asia, Washington, D.C. SEDF and World Bank.
82- Srithan.R. Anitha.D. pharm, (2013): Problemd Being Faced by Woman Entrepreneurs in Rural Areas, The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 2(2), 52-55.
83- Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M., & Busenitz, L. (2012): Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 77-94.
84- Taylor N., de Bruin, G. P. (2006): Basic traits inventory: Technical manual. Johannesburg; Jopie van Rooyen and Partners,.
85- Thurik, A. R. (2009): Entrepreneurship, economic growth and policy in emerging economies, UNU-WIDER Research Paper RP2009/12, United Nations University and World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki.
86- Tipple, G.A. (2005a). Housing and urban vulnerability in rapidly developing cities. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 13(2): 66–75.
87- Tipple, G., and Coulson, J. (2007): Funding the home-based enterprise: Finance and credit in developing country livelihoods. International Development Planning Review, 29(2): 125–159.
88- United Nations. (2004): Microfinance and microcredit: How can $100 change an economy? New York: United Nations.
89- Verrest, H. (2013): Rethinking Microentrepreneurship and Business Development Programs: Vulnerability and Ambition in Low-income Urban Caribbean Households, World Development, 47: 58–70.
90- Vervaet, L. (2019): Women and wage labour in rural Flanders in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Agricultural History Review, 67(2), 203-226.
91- Vial, I. (2011): Micro-entrepreneurship in a hostile environment: evidence from Indonesia, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 47(2): 233-262.
92- Wang, Y.-L. (2013): Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: an empirical study of R&D personnel. Management Decision, 51(2), 248-266.
93- Yaghoubi Farani, A., Karimi, S., Izadi, N., and Ataei, P. (2019): Effect of Virtual Social Networks on Entrepreneurial Behavior of Agricultural Students. Applied Economics, 51(21), 2326-2335.
94- Yaghoubi Farani, A., Movahedi, R., & Soleimani, A. (2015): Sociological Study of The Attitudes toward Mehr Among Alameh University Students. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 12(4), 7-42. (In Persian).
95- Yaghoubi Farani, A., Vahdat Moaddab, H., & Latifi, S. (2014): Identifying Inhibitions of Rural Women’s Trend to Home Businesses (Case Study: Sardrod district, Razan county). Women in Development & Politics, 11(4), 559-574. doi:10.22059/jwdp.2014.50289 (In Persian).
96- Zaheri, M., Karim zadeh, H., & Alipour, K. (2019): Participatory planning of rural development with emphasis on border markets (Case study: Sardasht city). Regional Planning, 9(35), 105-120. (In Persian).
97- Zare, E., Karami, A., & Feiz, M. (2013). Desirable personality typology model of engineering occupation fields (Myers – Briggs Type Indicator). Iranian Journal of Engineering Education, 15(59), 39-57. (In Persian).
98- Zhang, T. T., Bufquin, D., & Lu, C. (2019): A qualitative investigation of microentrepreneurship in the sharing economy. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 79, 148-157.
99- Zhao H., Seibert S. (2006): The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 259-271.
_||_