The Effectiveness of Parent Management Training on the Improvement of Parenting styles: Excessive Reaction of Mothers of children with ADHD
Subject Areas : Woman and family
Keywords: parent management training, excessive reactions, hyperactivity-attention deficit,
Abstract :
This study was aimed to examine the effectiveness of parent management training (PMT) on improvement of the parenting style and excessive reaction of mothers of children with ADHD. The research method of this study was semi -experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population of this study included all 7-13 year old Tabriz students with attention deficit / hyperactivity and their mothers. At first, out of educational areas of Tabriz one area was randomly chosen by multivariate cluster sampling. Then, out of the elementary schools of this area, three schools were randomly chosen and by CSI-4 test ADHD children were screened. 30 children with ADHD were chosen and these children’s mothers were randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups. Arnold parenting questionnaire was answered by both groups. Then, experimental group was instructed by parent management training for eight two-hour sessions, while the control group did not receive any training. After the training sessions a posttest was administered for both groups. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, and covariance analysis were used. The results indicated that parent management training (PMT) was effective on the improvement of parenting style mothers, and their excessive reaction.
- بیرامی، منصور (1388)، تاثیر آموزش مهارت های فرزند پروری به مادران پسران دبستانی مبتلا به اختلالات برونی سازی شده بر سلامت روانی و شیوه های تربیتی آنها. مجله ی علمی پژوهشی اصول بهداشت روانی ، 11(2) ، صص114-105.
- خانجانی،زینب(1384)، تحول وآسیب شناسی دلبستگی از کودکی تا نوجوانی. تهران . انتشارات فروزش.
- دادستان، پریرخ(1383)، روانشناسی مرضی تحولی از کودکی تا بزرگسالی. جدول اول ،چاپ ششم ،تهران: انتشارات سمت .
- روشن بین، مهدیه؛ پوراعتماد، حمید رضا؛ خوشابی، کتایون(1386)، تاثیر آموزش برنامة گروهی فرزندپروری مثبت بر استرس والدگری مادران کودکان 4-10 ساله مبتلا به اختلال بیش فعالی- کمبود توجه. فصلنامه خانواده پژوهی، 3(10)، 545-572.
- زرگری نژاد، غزاله.، و یکه یزدان دوست، رخساره (1386)، اثربخشی آموزش والدین بر مشکلات رفتاری کودکان ADHD (مطالعه موردی). مطالعات روان شناختی. 3(2): 29-48.
- طهماسیان، کارینه (1375)، بررسی اثر آموزش مادران در کاهش اختلالات رفتاری کودکان. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. انیستیتو روان پزشکی تهران.
- طهماسیان، کارینه؛ خرم آبادی، راضیه؛ چیمه، نرگس (1391)، اثر بخشی آموزش مدیریت رفتار بر تنیدگی والدینی مادران کودکان در خود مانده. روان شناسی تحولی: روان شناسان ایرانی، 8 (31)؛ 269-280.
- فتحی، نادر (1374)، تاثیر برنامه آموزش مدیریت والدین در کاهش علائم اختلال بیش فعالی و نقص توجه. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی تهران.
- کفایت، محمد(1373)، بررسی ارتباط شیوه ها و نگر ش های فرزندپروری، خلاقیت و رابطة متغیر اخیر با هوش، پیشرفت تحصیلی و رفتارهای پیشر فت گرای دانش آموزان سال اول دبیرستان های اهواز. گزارش پژوهشی، شورای تحقیقات آموزش و پرورش خوزستان.
- کویین،پاتریشیاا. واسترن ،جودیت ام(1995)،بیش فعالی: کمک به کودکان ونوجوانان حواس پرت وبیقرار. ترجمه حمیدعلیزاده،( 1385 )،تهران . انتشارات جوانه رشد.
- ماسن، پاول هنری؛ جروم، کیگان؛ آلتاکارول، هوستون؛ جان جین، وی کانجر (1994)، رشد و شخصیت کودک، ترجمة مهشید یاسایی(1384)، تهران: نشر مرکز.
- ملک مکان، مراد (1378)، بررسی رابطه بین نگرش مادر نسبت به شیوه های فرزندپروری با یادگیری خودتنظیمی و پیشرفت تحصیلی در دانش آموزان سال سوم راهنمایی آباده، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه تربیت معلم.
- میکائیلی، نیلوفر (1377)، بررسی رابطه شیوه های فرزندپروری با انگیزه پیشرفت و رابطه متغیر اخیر با پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش آموزان دختر دوره راهنمایی اهواز. رساله کارشناسی ارشد روان شناسی عمومی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهواز.
- Abikoff, H., Nissley-Tsiopinis, J., Gallagher, R., Zambenedetti, M., Sevffert, M., Boorady, R., & McCarthy, J. (2009), Effects of MPHOROS on the organizational, time management, and planning behaviors children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,48,166-175.
- Alizade, H., & Andries, C. (2002), Interaction of parenting styles and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Iranian Parents. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, Vol. 24 (3), 37 - 52.
- Alizadeh, H., Applequist, K. F., & Coolidge, F. L. (2007), Parental Self-Confidence and Parenting Styles in Families of Children with AD/HD. International Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 567-572.
- Anastopoulos, A. D., Shaffer, S.D. (2001), Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder. In C. Eugend walker & Michael C. Roberts (2001). Handbook of clinical child psychiatry. Canada: John Wiley & Son.
- Anastopoulos, A. D., Shelton, T. L., DuPaul, G. J. & Guevremont, D. C. (1993), Parent training for a Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Its impact on parent functioning. Journal of Abnormal of Psychology, 21, 581-596.
- Befera, M. S., Barkley,R .A.(1985), Hyperactive and normal girls and boys: Mother–child interaction, parent psychiatric status and child psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 439–452.
- Bowlby, J. (1969), Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books.
- Brestan, E. V., & Eyberg, S. M. (1998), Effective psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 179−188
- Danforth, J. S., Harvey, E.,Ulaszeck, W. R. & McKee, T. E. (2006), The outcome of group parent training for families of children with ADHD and defiant/ aggressive behavior. Journal of behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37, 188-205.
- Dretzke, J., Davenport, C., Frew, E., Barlow, G., Brown, S., Bayliss, S., Taylor, R., Sandercock, J., & Hyde, C. (2009), The clinical effectiveness of differen parenting programs for children with conduct problems. University of Birmingham, U. K. [Online]. Available: http://www.camph.com
- Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Coles, E. K.Gnagy, E. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A. C., & Oconner, B. C. (2009),A meta-analysis of behavioral treatment for attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Clinical psychology Review 29,129 140.
- Floyd, F., Gilliom, L. A., Costigan, C.L. (1998), Marriage and the parenting alliance: Longitudinal Prediction of Change in parenting perceptions and behaviors. Child Development, 69, 1461-1479.
- Forehand, R. T., & McMahon, R. J. (1981), Helping the noncompliant child. New York: The Guilford Press.
- Grych, J. H., Harold, G. T., Miles, C. J.(2003), A prospective investigation of appraisals as mediators of the link between interparental conflict and child adjustment. Child Development, 74, 1176-1193.
- Holden, G. W., Stein, J. D., Richie, K. L., Harris, S.D., Jouriles, E. N.(1998), Parenting behaviors and beliefs of battered women. In G. W. Holden, R. Geffner, E. N. Jouriles (Eds) Children exposed to marital violence: Theory, research, and applied issues (pp. 289-334). Washington, DC: American Psychological association.
- Hollenstein, T. (2004), Rigidity in parent-child interaction and the developmental of externalizing and internalizing early childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(4), 595-607.
- Hupp, S. D. A., Reitman, D., Forde, D. A., Shriver, M. D., & Lou Kelley, M. (2008), Advancing the assessment of parent–child interactions: Development of the parent hyperactivity disorder. Clinical psychology Review 29 ,129-140.
- Johnston, C.. (1996), Parent characteristics and parent-child interactions in families of non problem children and ADHD children with higher and lower levels of oppositional-defiant behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 85–104.
- Johnston, J. R.(1993), Family transitions and children’s functioning: The case of parental conflict and divorce. In P. Cown, D. field, D. Hansen, A. Skolnick, G. Swanson (Eds). Family, self, and society: Toward a new agenda for family research (pp. 197-234). Hillsdale, NG: Erlbaum.
- Kazdin, A. E. (1997), Parent management training: Evidence, outcomes, and issues. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10), 1349−1356.
- Kochanska, G., Forman, D. R., Aksan, N., & Dunbar, S. B. (2005), Pathways to conscience: Early mother–child mutually responsive orientation and children's moral emotion, conduct, and cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 46(1), 19−3
- Marc,A., Cruodweel, D.(2005), Impact of Self regulation and emotionality on behavior problems in children with ADHD .candain Journal of school psychology.
- McBurnett, K., & Pfiffner, L. (2008), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Concepts,contorversies,new directoin .New York: Informa Health Care.
- McCarty, C. A., Lau, A. S., Valeri, S. M.(2004), Parent- child interactions in relation to critical and emotionally over involved expressed emotion: is EE a proxy for behavior? J Abnormal Child psychol. 2004; 32: 83-93.
- Patterson, G. R., & Gullion, M. E. (1968), Living with children: New methods for
- Pliszka, S. R., Greenhill, L. L., & Crismon, M. L.(2000), The Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: Report of the Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of childhood ADHD. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 908-19.
- Sadock B.J., Sadock V.A.(2007), Synopsisof psychiatry behavioral science andclinical Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams& Wilkins.
- Sanchez, B.(2005), Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychology Today. University of West Alabama. Copy right 1991-2006 Sussex Publishers.
- Schaefer, E. S. (1959), A circumplex mode for maternal behavior. Journal of Abnormald and Social Psychology, 59, 226-235.
- Sears. R. R., Maccoby, E. E. & Levine, H. (1957), Patterns of Child Rearing. New York: Harper & Row.
- Spijkers, W., Jansen, D., Meer, G., & Reijneveld, S. (2010), Effectiveness of a parenting pr public health setting. Department of health sciences. University of Groningen, Netherlands [On-line]. Available: http:// www.biomedcentral. Com.
- Wiener S. (2004), Textook of Child & Adolescent psychiatry. 3 th ed Philadelphia: Saunders: 390-450