The effectiveness training on parenting skills with emotional Self-disclosure, care stress and parental stress of mothers of Autistic children
Asma Rezaye
1
(Master's degree in psychology, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran)
Nasrin Mohaddes
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran)
Keywords: parental stress, autism, parenting skills, self-disclosure, Care pressure,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness training on parenting skills emotional of self-disclosure, care pressure and parental stress of mothers of children with autism. This research is a pre-test and post-test with a control group in terms of applied purpose and in terms of quasi-experimental research design. The statistical population of this study included all mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder in Tabriz in 2021 who referred to autism centers in this city and have a medical record of this disorder. Based on the proposed diagnostic criteria of the latest statistical diagnostic version of mental disorders and by purposeful sampling method, 30 people were selected from the comprehensive group and were divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). To collect data, Snell Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale, Abidin Parental Stress Questionnaire, Zarit et al. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. The results showed that parenting skills training has an effect on self-disclosure, parental stress and caring stress and increases emotional self-disclosure and reduces parental stress and caring stress in mothers. Therefore, paying attention to parenting skills plays an important role in improving the problems of mothers with autistic children.
احمدپناه، محسن. (1380). تأثیر کم توان ذهنی فرزند بر بهداشت روانی خانواده. فصلنامه پژوهش در حیطه کودکان اسثنایی، 1(1)، 52-68.
باقربیک تبریزی، لادن؛ نواب، الهام؛ فرخ‌نژادافشار، پویا؛ اسدی نوقابی، احمدعلی؛ و حقانی، حمید (1394). تأثیر آموزش مداخلات رفتاری ـ شناختی بر بار مراقبتی مراقبان خانوادگی سالمندان مبتلا به آلزایمر. مجله حیات، 21(1)، 94-102.
برومند، نرمین. (1392). مقایسه بهزیستی روانشناختی، سرمایه روانشناختی و خودافشایی هیجانی والدین کودکان استثنایی با والدین کودکان بهنجار. پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اردبیل.
بورگ، والتر.، گال، مردیت دامین.، گال، جویس. (1393). روش های تحقیق کمی و کیفی در علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، ترجمه محمدجعفر پاک سرشت و همکاران. تهران: نشر سمت.
توزندهجانی، حسن؛ توکلیزاده، جهانشیر و لگزیان، زهرا. (1390). توزنده جانی، حسن. توکلی زاده، جهانشیر. لگزیان، زهرا(1390)، اثربخشی شیوه های فرزندپروری بر خودکارآمدی و سلامت روان دانشجویان علوم انسانی دانشگاه پیام نور و آزاد نیشابور. فصلنامه افق دانش، 2، 56-65.
حیدریعبدی، سمیه؛ سجادیان، ایلناز؛ و حیدریان، اندیشه (1395). اثر بخشی گروه درمانی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر درماندگی روانشناختی و افکارخودآیند منفی مادران دارای کودک مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم. مجله اصول بهداشت روانی، 18، ویژه نامه سومین کنفرانس بینالمللی روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، 466-460.
ربیعیکناری، فاطمه؛ جدیدیان، علی؛ و سلگی، محمد. (1394). اثربخشی آموزش تاب آوری بر کاهش استرس والدگری مادران دارای فرزند مبتلا به اختلال اوتیسم. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، 23(4)، 95-105.
رضائی، نسرین.، نویدیان، علی.، عباسی، فاطمه. (1396). تأثیر برنامه آموزشی حمایتی گروهی بر فشار مراقبتی مادران کودکان مبتلا به تالاسمی ماژور. حیات، ۲۳ (۲)، ۱۲۶-۱۳۷.
فدایی، زهرا؛ دهقانی، محسن؛ طهماسیان، کارینه؛ و فرهادی، فرهاد. (1389). بررسی ساختار عاملی، اعتبار و روایی فرم کوتاه شاخص استرس فرزند پروری (PSI-SF) مادران کودکان عادی 12- 7 سال. مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، 8(2)، 81-91.
فمی تفرشی، فرزانه؛ محمدی، محمدرضا؛ شریفی ساکی، شیدا؛ احمدی، هادی؛ کریمی رضا؛ و آخته، مریم. (1395). اثربخشی آموزش تحلیل رفتار کاربردی به والدین بر افزایش خودیاری کودکان مبتلا به اختلال اوتیسم. فصلنامه سلامت روانی کودک، 3(1)، 9-18.
کرمیزاده، ساره؛ نظامی، ماندانا؛ طاهری، امین؛ و منظریتوکلی، وحید. (1393). اثر بخشی آموزش شیوههای فرزندپروری بر راهبردهای حل تعارض والدین و فرزندان. زن و مطالعات خانواده، 6(24)، 85-103.
واحدی، شهرام. (1390). خودتنظیمی به عنوان میانجی بین ابعاد والدینی غیرحمایتی و پرخاشگری نوجوانان: روش مدلیابی معادله ساختاری. مجله اصول بهداشت روانی، 13(49): 6-19.
Abidin, R. R. (1990). Introduction to the special issue the stresses of parenting. Journal Clin Child Psychol, 19, 298-301
Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, method, and culture. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70 (4), 34-43.
Barber, B.K., Harmon, E. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In: Barber BK. (editor). Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 15-52.
Beck, S.J., Young, G.H., Tarnowski, K. G. (1990). Maternal characteristics and perceptions of pervasive and situational hyper actives and normal controls. Journal Am Acad Child AdolescPsychiatry, 88, 150-6.
Bluth, K., Roberson, P. N., Billen, R. M., & Sams, J. M. (2013). A stress model for couples parenting children with autism spectrum disorders and the introduction of a mindfulness intervention. Journal of family theory & review, 5(3), 194-21.
Cachia, R. L., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2016). Mindfulness, Stress and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(1), 1- 14.
Cadman T., Eklund, H., Howley, D., Hayward, H., Clarke, H., Findon, J., Xenitidas, K., Murphy, D., Asherson, P., & Glaser, K. (2012).Caregiver burden as people with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder transition into adolescence and adulthood in the United Kingdom.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 879-888.
Christensen, D. L., Bilder, D. A., Zahorodny, W., Pettygrove, S., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R.T., & Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among 4-year-old children in the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(1), 1- 8.
Derlega, V. J. & Chaikin, A. L. (2009). Sharing intimacy. What we reveal to others and why? New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs.
Dumas, J.E., Wolf, L.C., Fisman, S.N., & Culligan, A. (1991).Parenting stress, child behavior problems, and dysphoria in parents of children with autism, Down syndrome, behavior disorders, and normal development.Exceptionality, 2, 97–110.
Gould, E. R., Tarbox, J., & Coyne, L. (2017).Evaluating the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Training on the overt behavior of parents of children with autism.Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 29 June 2017
Hasting, R.P., Kovshoff, H., Ward, N.J., Espinosa, F., Brown, T. (2005). System analysis of stress and positive perceptions in mothers and fathers of pre school children with autism.Journal Autism Dev Dis, 35, 635-44.
Herring, S., Gray, J., Taffe, K., Sweeney, D. & Eifeld, S. (2006). Behaviour and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders and developmental delay: associations with parental mental health and family functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 12, 874–882.
Inamdar, S., Inamdar, M., Gangrade, A. (2015). Stress level among caregivers of thalassemia patients. Ntl J of Community Med, 6(4), 579-582.
Jourard, S. (1993). Self-disclosure. An experimental analysis of the transparent self. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Caluschi, Mariana, Probleme de psihologie socială, Editura Carrtes, Iaşi, 1002.
Kawalkowski. (2012). The Impact of a Group – based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention on Parents of Children Diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertaions.
Keen, D., Couzens, A., Muspratt, S., Rodger, S. (2010). The effects of a parentfocused intervention for children with a recent diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder on parenting stress and competence. Res Autism Spect Dis, 2, 229–41.
Khamis, V. (2007).Psychological distress among parents of children with mental retardation in the United Arab Emirates.Social Science & Medicine, 64, 850-857.
McConkey, R., Truesdale-Kennedy, M., Chang, M., Jarrah, S., and Shukri, R. (2007). The impact on mothers of bringing up a child with intellectual disabilities: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Nursing Studies (in press) Published Online October 2006.
Miranda, A., Tárraga, R., Fernández, M. I., Colomer, C., & Pastor, G. (2015). Parenting Stress in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD.Exceptional Children, 23, 1-15.
Montgomery‚ D. (2015). The Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Parents of Children Diagnosed with Autism. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, 5, 45-54.
Poddar, S., Sinha, V. K., & Urbi, M. (2015). Acceptance and commitment therapy on parents of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches, 1(3), 221.
Schneider, R. A. (2004). Chronic renal failure: assessing the fatigue severity scale for use among caregivers. Journal Clin Nurs, 13(2), 219-25.
Snell, W. E. (2001). Development of the Emotional Selfdisclosure Scale. In W.E. Snell, (Ed.). New directions in the psychology of gender roles: Research and theory. Cape Girardeau: Snell Publications.
Snell, W. E., Miller, R. S., & Belk, S. S. (1988). Development of the Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale. Sex Role, 18 (2):59-74.
Stewart, M., McGillivray, J. A., Forbes, D., & Austin, D. W. (2016). Parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder: a review of parent mental health and its relationship to a trauma-based conceptualisation. Advances in Mental Health, 13, 1-11.
Theule, J., Wiener, J., Tannock, R., Jenkins, J.M. (2012). Parenting stress in families of children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. [published online November 18, 2010] Journal Emot Behav Disord.
Tokić & Pećnik, N. (2011). Parental behaviors related to adolescents’ self-disclosure: Adolescents’ views. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(2), 201-222.
Toomey, T. S. (2018). Parenting stress as an indirect pathway to mental health concerns among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 13, 1-5.
Zarit, S. H., Todd, P. A., Zarit, J. M. (1986). Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: A longitudinal study. Gerontologist, 26, 260-266.
Gupta, R. K., & Singh, R. A. (2004). Electrical properties of junction between aluminium and poly (aniline)–poly (vinyl chloride) composite. Materials chemistry and physics, 86(2-3), 279-283.
_||_
Abidin, R. R. (1990). Introduction to the special issue the stresses of parenting. Journal Clin Child Psychol, 19, 298-301
Ahmad Panah, Mohsen. (2001). The effect of a child's low mental ability on the mental health of the family. Quarterly Journal of Research in the Field of Menstrual Children, 1(1), 52-68.
Bagrbeik Tabrizi, Laden; Nawab, Ilham; Farrokhnejadafshar, dynamic; Asadi Nougabi, Ahmad Ali; and Haqqani, Hamid (2014). The effect of cognitive-behavioral intervention training on the care burden of family caregivers of the elderly with Alzheimer's disease. Life Magazine, 21(1), 94-102.
Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, method, and culture. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70 (4), 34-43.
Barber, B.K., Harmon, E. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In: Barber BK. (editor). Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 15-52.
Beck, S.J., Young, G.H., Tarnowski, K. G. (1990). Maternal characteristics and perceptions of pervasive and situational hyper actives and normal controls. Journal Am Acad Child AdolescPsychiatry, 88, 150-6.
Bluth, K., Roberson, P. N., Billen, R. M., & Sams, J. M. (2013). A stress model for couples parenting children with autism spectrum disorders and the introduction of a mindfulness intervention. Journal of family theory & review, 5(3), 194-21.
Bromand, Narmin. (2012). Comparison of psychological well-being, psychological capital and emotional self-disclosure of parents of exceptional children with parents of normal children. Master's thesis, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch.
Cachia, R. L., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2016). Mindfulness, Stress and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(1), 1- 14.
Cadman T., Eklund, H., Howley, D., Hayward, H., Clarke, H., Findon, J., Xenitidas, K., Murphy, D., Asherson, P., & Glaser, K. (2012). Caregiver burden as people with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder transition into adolescence and adulthood in the United Kingdom.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 879-888.
Christensen, D. L., Bilder, D. A., Zahorodny, W., Pettygrove, S., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R.T., & Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among 4-year-old children in the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(1), 1- 8.
Derlega, V. J. & Chaikin, A. L. (2009). Sharing intimacy. What we reveal to others and why? New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs.
Dumas, J.E., Wolf, L.C., Fisman, S.N., & Culligan, A. (1991).Parenting stress, child behavior problems, and dysphoria in parents of children with autism, Down syndrome, behavior disorders, and normal development.Exceptionality, 2, 97–110.
Fadaie, Zahra; Dehghani, Mohsen; Tahmasian, Karine; and Farhadi, Farhad. (2010). Examining the factor structure, reliability and validity of the parenting stress index short form (PSI-SF) for mothers of normal children aged 7-12 years. Journal of Behavioral Sciences Research, 8(2), 81-91.
Femi Tafareshi, Farzaneh; Mohammadi, Mohammadreza; Sharifi Saki, Sheida; Ahmadi, Hadi; Karimi Reza; and Akhteh, Maryam. (2015). The effectiveness of teaching applied behavior analysis to parents on increasing the self-help of children with autism. Child Mental Health Quarterly, 3(1), 18-9.
Gould, E. R., Tarbox, J., & Coyne, L. (2017). Evaluating the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Training on the overt behavior of parents of children with autism.Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 29 June 2017
Hasting, R.P., Kovshoff, H., Ward, N.J., Espinosa, F., Brown, T. (2005). System analysis of stress and positive perceptions in mothers and fathers of preschool children with autism.Journal Autism Dev Dis, 35, 635-44.
Herring, S., Gray, J., Taffe, K., Sweeney, D. & Eifeld, S. (2006). Behaviour and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders and developmental delay: associations with parental mental health and family functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 12, 874–882.
Heydari-Abdi, Somaie; Sajjadian, Ilnaz; and Heydarian, Andiseh (2015). Effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on psychological helplessness and negative thoughts of mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Principles of Mental Health, 18, special issue of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology and Educational Sciences, 466-460.
Inamdar, S., Inamdar, M., Gangrade, A. (2015). Stress level among caregivers of thalassemia patients. Ntl J of Community Med, 6(4), 579-582.
Jourard, S. (1993). Self-disclosure. An experimental analysis of the transparent self. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Caluschi, Mariana, Probleme de psihologie socială, Editura Carrtes, Iaşi, 1002.
Karamizadeh, Sara; Nezami, Mandana; Taheri, Amin; and Manzari-Tawakoli, Vahid. (2013). Effectiveness of teaching parenting methods on conflict resolution strategies between parents and children. Women and Family Studies, 6(24), 85-103.
Kawalkowski. (2012). The Impact of a Group – based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention on Parents of Children Diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertaions.
Keen, D., Couzens, A., Muspratt, S., Rodger, S. (2010). The effects of a parentfocused intervention for children with a recent diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder on parenting stress and competence. Res Autism Spect Dis, 2, 229–41.
Khamis, V. (2007). Psychological distress among parents of children with mental retardation in the United Arab Emirates.Social Science & Medicine, 64, 850-857.
McConkey, R., Truesdale-Kennedy, M., Chang, M., Jarrah, S., and Shukri, R. (2007). The impact on mothers of bringing up a child with intellectual disabilities: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Nursing Studies (in press) Published Online October 2006.
Miranda, A., Tárraga, R., Fernández, M. I., Colomer, C., & Pastor, G. (2015). Parenting Stress in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD.Exceptional Children, 23, 1-15.
Montgomery‚ D. (2015). The Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Parents of Children Diagnosed with Autism. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, 5, 45-54.
Poddar, S., Sinha, V. K., & Urbi, M. (2015). Acceptance and commitment therapy on parents of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches, 1(3), 221.
Rabiei-Kanari, Fatemeh; Jadidian, Ali; and Selgi, Mohammad. (2014). The effectiveness of resilience training on reducing parenting stress in mothers with children with autism. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 23(4), 95-105.
Schneider, R. A. (2004). Chronic renal failure: assessing the fatigue severity scale for use among caregivers. Journal Clin Nurs, 13(2), 219-25.
Snell, W. E. (2001). Development of the Emotional Selfdisclosure Scale. In W.E. Snell, (Ed.). New directions in the psychology of gender roles: Research and theory. Cape Girardeau: Snell Publications.
Snell, W. E., Miller, R. S., & Belk, S. S. (1988). Development of the Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale. Sex Role, 18 (2):59-74.
Stewart, M., McGillivray, J. A., Forbes, D., & Austin, D. W. (2016). Parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder: a review of parent mental health and its relationship to a trauma-based conceptualisation. Advances in Mental Health, 13, 1-11.
Theule, J., Wiener, J., Tannock, R., Jenkins, J.M. (2012). Parenting stress in families of children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. [published online November 18, 2010] Journal Emot Behav Disord.
Toomey, T. S. (2018). Parenting stress as an indirect pathway to mental health concerns among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 13, 1-5.
Tuzandeh Jani, Hassan; Tawaklizadeh, Jahanshir and Legzian, Zahra. (2011). Tuzande Jani, Hassan. Tavaklizadeh, Jahanshir. Legzian, Zahra (2013), the effectiveness of parenting methods on self-efficacy and mental health of humanities students of Payam Noor and Azad Neishabur University. Afoq Danesh Quarterly, 2, 56-65.
Vahedi, Shahram. (2011). Self-regulation as a mediator between unsupportive parental dimensions and adolescent aggression: structural equation modeling method. Journal of Principles of Mental Health, 13(49): 19-6.
Zarit, S. H., Todd, P. A., Zarit, J. M. (1986). Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: A longitudinal study. Gerontologist, 26, 260-266.