compare the effectiveness of mindful parenting and democratic parenting on the conflict between mothers and adolescents aged 13 to 15 years

Subject Areas : Woman and family

Farahnaz Fard ¹ (Ph.D Student in General Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh, Iran)
Shahla Pakdaman ² (Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author)[e-mail])
Asghar Minaei ³ (Associate Professor, Department of Measurement, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2022-05-11 Accepted : 2022-11-19 Published : 2024-02-20

Keywords: Conflict, mindful parenting, Democratic parenting,

Abstract :

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of mindful parenting and democratic parenting on the conflict between mothers and adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. This study was experimental with pre-test-post-test and randomized follow-up in terms of applied purpose and method. The statistical population included the mothers of 13 to 15 year old female students in Tehran.  A total of 175 mothers were selected from a junior high school and were assessed using the Murray Strauss (1979) Conflict Scale. Fifty-four mothers with the highest conflict scores were randomly assigned to three groups of 18 after matching. The two experimental groups received eight 120-minute training sessions. Subjects were tested in three stages by the Murray Strauss (1979) Conflict Scale. The results of data analysis using SPSS software and repeated measures analysis of variance method showed  that the mother-adolescent conflict scores of both experimental groups in the post-test were significantly reduced compared to the control group and were still low in the two-month follow-up (P>0/01). It was also found that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two methods on the conflict between mothers and adolescents (P<0/05) and both methods can be used to reduce mother-adolescent conflict.The results of data analysis using SPSS software and variance analysis method withRepeated measurement showed that the mother-adolescent conflict scores of both experimental groups significantly decreased in the post-test compared to the control group. And it was still low in the two-month follow-up. It was also found that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of the two methods on the conflict between mothers and adolescents it does not exist and both methods can be used to reduce the mother-teen conflict.

References:

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Baharvand, I., Sodani, M., Abaspour, Z. ) 2019). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on parent-child conflict and bullying in single mother- headed adolescents. . Journal of Family Psychology. 6 (1), 69-80.

Bögels, S. M., Lehtonen, A., & Restifo, K. (2010). Mindful parenting in mental health care. Mindfulness. 1(2), 107–120.

Bögels, S. M., & Restifo, K., (2014). Mindful parenting: a guide for mental health practitioners. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.

Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W.,&  Deater- Deckrd, K. (2018). Parenting Styles and Parent–Adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority.  Psychol. 13. 300-308.

Branje, S. J. (2018). Development of parent–adolescent relationships: conflict interactions as amechanism of change. Child Development Perspectives. 12, 171–176.
6. Christian, D. D., Perryman K. L., & Portrie-Bethke, T.L. (2017). Improving the parent–adolescent relationship with adventure-based counceling: An Adlerian Perspective. Journal of Child and Adolescence Counceling. 3(1):44-58.

Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R. L. (2010). Changing parent’s mindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 19(2), 203-217.

Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the famil stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 179–193. 

De Goede, I., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2009). Developmental changes in adolescents’ perceptions of relationships with their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 38, 75– 88.

Driekurs, R., &Soltz, V. (1964). Children: The Challenge. New York: Hawthorn.

Dinkmeyer, D., Mckay, G.D., & Dinkmeyer, Jr. (1989). Parenting Young Children: Helpful Strategies based on Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) for Parents of Children Under six. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

Farnam, A. (2018). The effectiveness of problem solving and anger management skills training in reducing parent-adolescent conflicts among male students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies. 15(29): 149-176. [In Persian]

Ghazanfari, F., Hosseini Ramaghani, N., Moradiyani Gizeh Rod, S., & Panahi, H. (2017). Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Parenting Educational Program on the Anxiety, Parent-Child Conflict and Parent Self-Agency in Mothers with Oppositional Defiant Disorder Children. Horizon of Medical Sciences. 23(3): 213-218. [In Persian]

Geurtzen, N., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., Tak, Y. R., & van Zundert, R. M. (2015). Association between mindful parenting and adolescents’ internalizing problems: non-judgmental acceptance of parenting as core element. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 24(4), 1117-1128.

Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., &Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 57(1):35-43.

Holmes, T.R., Bond, L.A., & Byrne, C. (2012). The Role of Beliefs in Mother-Adolescent Conflict: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Curr Psychol. 31: 122-143.

Jensen, L. A., & Dost-Gözkan, A. (2015). Adolescent-parent relations in Asian Indian and Salvadoran immigrant families: a cultural-developmental analysis of autonomy, authority, conflict, and cohesion. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 25, 340–351.

Jonyniene, J., Kern, R.K., & Gfroerer, K.P. (2015). Efficacy of Lithuanian systematic training for effective parenting (STEP) on parenting style and perception of child behavior. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families. 23 (4): 392-406.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. Hachette UK.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2009). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hachette Books.

Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L., G, Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R.L. (2010).  Changing parent’s mindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 19(2): 203-217.

Kholghi, Z., Aghaei, A., & Farhadi, H. (2019).  Effectiveness of training parents by Adler- Dreikurs Approach on emotion regulation and parent-child interaction in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Empowering Exceptional Children. 10(4): 37-49. [In Persian]

Kishida, M., Mama, S. K., Larkey, L. K., & Elavsky, S. (2016). "Yoga resets my inner peace barometer": A qualitative study illuminating the pathways of how yoga impacts one’s relationship to oneself and to others. Complementary therapies in medicine. 40, 215-221.

Kyriazos, T. A., & Stalikas, A. (2018). Positive Parenting or Positive Psychology Parenting? Towards a Conceptual Framework of Positive Psychology Parenting. Journal of Psychology. 9: 1761-1788.

Kyung, I. P., & Sangeun, O. (2012). Effects of active parenting today based on goal attainment theory on parenting stress, parenting behavior, and parenting satisfaction in mothers of school age children. Journal of Korean AcadNurs. 42 (5): 659-670.

Lahav, Z., & Brunstein, A. (2018). Bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescence: The moderating role of parent-child conflicts among boys and girls. Journal of Adolescence. 68, 152-158.

Mahmoodian, S. M., Alizadeh, H., Pezeshk, S., Barajali, A., & Farrokhi, N. (2018). Developing a maternal training program based on Adler-Glasser techniques and examining its effectiveness in improving mother-child relationships among children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Jjfp. 4 (2): 19-28. [In Persian]

Main, A. (2013). Empathic Communication during Mother-Adolescent Conflict Management. Degree of Doctor in Philosophy. University of California, Berkeley.

Mastrotheodoros, S., Van der graaff, J., Decovik, M., H., Meeus, w., & Branj, S. (2020). Parent–Adolescent conflict across adolescence: Trajectories of informant discrepancies and associations with personality types. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 49:119–135.

McKay, G., & McKay, J. (1983). Parent study groups. In O. C. Christensen & T. G. Scharmski (Eds). Adlerian family counseling (349-366). Minneapolis, MN: Educational Media.

McVittie, J., & Best, A. (2009). The Impact of Adlerian-Based Parenting Classes on Self-Reported Parental Behavior. Journal of Individual Psychology. 65 (3): 264-285.

Moed, A., Gershoff, E. T., Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Losoya, S., Spinrad, T. L., & Liew, J. (2015). Parent– adolescent conflict as sequences of reciprocal negative emotion: Links with conflict resolution and adolescents’ behavior problems. Journal of youth and adolescence. 44(8), 1607-1622.

Mohammadi, M., Tahmasian, K., Ghanbari, S. & Fathabadi, J. (2018). The effectiveness of mindful parenting program on parenting stress and parental self-efficacy in mothers of adolescents with high conflict. Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 14 (56), 419-433.

Mullis, F. (1999). Active parenting: An evaluation of two Adlerian parent education programs. The Journal of Individual Psychology. 55: 225- 232.

Nair, K. R., James, J. K., & Santhosh, K. (2015). Identity crisis among early adolescents in relations to abusive experiences in the childhood, social support and parental support. Journal of Psychosocial Research. 10(1), 167.

Nelsen, J. (1996). Positive discipline. New York: Ballantine Books.

Noller, P., & Callan, V. (2015). The adolescent in the family. Routledge.

Oryan, Sh., & Ben-Asher, S. (2018). Democratic deliberative discourse in Adlerian Israeli parenting classes: Ideology and Implementation. The Journal of Individual Psychology. 75(1), 3-2.

Parent, J., McKee, L. G., Anton, M., Gonzalez, M., Jones, D. J., & Forehand, R. (2016). Mindfulness in parenting and coparenting. Mindfulness. 7(2), 504-513.

Perez, J. K., Cumsille, P., & Martinez, M. L. (2016). Agreement between Parent and adolescent autonomy expectations and its relationship to adolescent adjustment. Journal of Adolescence. 53, 10-15.

Robinson, P.W., Robinson, M.P.W., & Dunn, T.W. (2003). STEP parenting: A review of the research. Canadian Journal of Counseling. 37 (4): 270-278. 

Rodrigo, M.J., Hernandez-Cabrere, J., & Dekovic, M. (2012). Resolution of Parent-Child Conflicts in the Adolescence. European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research. 28 (2): 173-188.

Rohi, A. (2014). Theoretical and practical approaches to anxiety disorders in children. Exceptional Education Journal. 3:47-58.

Rostami, S., Toozandehjani, H., & Nejat, H. (2019). The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Training and Adler-Dreikurs Parenting Training on Improving the Quality of the Parent-Child Relationship in divorced Mother’s Children. JNKUMS. 11(3): 46-55. [In Persian]

Saadati, N., Yousefi, Z., Golparvar, M. (2019). The effectiveness of STEP parenting program on the quality of parent-child relationships, parenting self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility of adolescent mothers. Journal of Psychological Sciences. 1399; 19 (94): 1330-1319. [In Persian]

Salehi, S. (2018). The Effectiveness of Parent Training with Adlerian Approach on the Coping Methods among Mothers of their Children with Conduct Disorder. Global Journal of Archaelogy& Anthropology. 3 (3): 1-6.

Sanai, b. (2008). Family and marriage scales. Tehran: Besat. [In Persian]

Spinrad, T. L., & Gal, D. E. (2018). Fostering prosocial behavior and empathy in young children. Current opinion in psychology. 20, 40-44.

Straus, M.A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 41, 75–88.

Teasdale, J.D., Segal, Z.V., Williams, J. M., Ridgeway, V.A., Soulsby, J.M., & Lau, M.A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 68(4):615-623.

Vadadian, Z., Ghanbari Hashemabadi, B., & Mashhadi, A. (2011). Evaluation of the effectiveness of multi-family group therapy on resolving parent-child conflicts and reducing aggression in 14-15 year old girls in Mashhad. Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies. 1(4): 19-41. [In Persian]

Van der Giessen, D., Branje, S. J., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. H. (2013). Dyadic variability in. Mother–adolescent interactions-Developmental trajectories and associations with psychosocial functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 42, 96–108.

Visser, L., winter, A.F., Vollebergh, W.A.M., Verhulst, F. & Reijneveld, S. (2013). The Impact of Parenting Styles on Adolescent Alcohol Use: The TRAILS Study. Eur Addict Res. 19: 165-172.

Whalen, D.J., Scott, L.N., Jakubowski, K.P., McMakin, D.L., Hipwell, A.E., Silk, J.S., & Step, S.D. (2014). Affective behavior during motherdaughter conflict and borderline personality disorder severity across adolescence. Journal of Personal Disord. 5 (1): 88-96.

Xu, Y., Boyd, R.C., Butler, L., Moore, T.M., & Benton, T.D. (2017). Associations of Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies in FamilyCohesion and Conflict with Adolescent Impairment. Journal of Child and Family Studies.  26: 3360- 3369.

Zell, E., Krizan, Z., & Teeter, S.R. (2015). Evaluating gender similarities and differences using metasynthesis. American Psychologist. 70(1), 10.

 

 

Baharvand, I., Sodani, M., Abaspour, Z. ) 2019). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on parent-child conflict and bullying in single mother- headed adolescents. . Journal of Family Psychology. 6 (1), 69-80.

Bögels, S. M., Lehtonen, A., & Restifo, K. (2010). Mindful parenting in mental health care. Mindfulness. 1(2), 107–120.

Bögels, S. M., & Restifo, K., (2014). Mindful parenting: a guide for mental health practitioners. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.

Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W.,&  Deater- Deckrd, K. (2018). Parenting Styles and Parent–Adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority.  Psychol. 13. 300-308.

Branje, S. J. (2018). Development of parent–adolescent relationships: conflict interactions as amechanism of change. Child Development Perspectives. 12, 171–176.
6. Christian, D. D., Perryman K. L., & Portrie-Bethke, T.L. (2017). Improving the parent–adolescent relationship with adventure-based counceling: An Adlerian Perspective. Journal of Child and Adolescence Counceling. 3(1):44-58.

Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R. L. (2010). Changing parent’s mindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 19(2), 203-217.

Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the famil stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 179–193. 

De Goede, I., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2009). Developmental changes in adolescents’ perceptions of relationships with their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 38, 75– 88.

Driekurs, R., &Soltz, V. (1964). Children: The Challenge. New York: Hawthorn.

Dinkmeyer, D., Mckay, G.D., & Dinkmeyer, Jr. (1989). Parenting Young Children: Helpful Strategies based on Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) for Parents of Children Under six. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

Farnam, A. (2018). The effectiveness of problem solving and anger management skills training in reducing parent-adolescent conflicts among male students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies. 15(29): 149-176. [In Persian]

Ghazanfari, F., Hosseini Ramaghani, N., Moradiyani Gizeh Rod, S., & Panahi, H. (2017). Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Parenting Educational Program on the Anxiety, Parent-Child Conflict and Parent Self-Agency in Mothers with Oppositional Defiant Disorder Children. Horizon of Medical Sciences. 23(3): 213-218. [In Persian]

Geurtzen, N., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., Tak, Y. R., & van Zundert, R. M. (2015). Association between mindful parenting and adolescents’ internalizing problems: non-judgmental acceptance of parenting as core element. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 24(4), 1117-1128.

Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., &Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 57(1):35-43.

Holmes, T.R., Bond, L.A., & Byrne, C. (2012). The Role of Beliefs in Mother-Adolescent Conflict: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Curr Psychol. 31: 122-143.

Jensen, L. A., & Dost-Gözkan, A. (2015). Adolescent-parent relations in Asian Indian and Salvadoran immigrant families: a cultural-developmental analysis of autonomy, authority, conflict, and cohesion. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 25, 340–351.

Jonyniene, J., Kern, R.K., & Gfroerer, K.P. (2015). Efficacy of Lithuanian systematic training for effective parenting (STEP) on parenting style and perception of child behavior. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families. 23 (4): 392-406.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. Hachette UK.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2009). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hachette Books.

Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L., G, Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R.L. (2010).  Changing parent’s mindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 19(2): 203-217.

Kholghi, Z., Aghaei, A., & Farhadi, H. (2019).  Effectiveness of training parents by Adler- Dreikurs Approach on emotion regulation and parent-child interaction in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Empowering Exceptional Children. 10(4): 37-49. [In Persian]

Kishida, M., Mama, S. K., Larkey, L. K., & Elavsky, S. (2016). "Yoga resets my inner peace barometer": A qualitative study illuminating the pathways of how yoga impacts one’s relationship to oneself and to others. Complementary therapies in medicine. 40, 215-221.

Kyriazos, T. A., & Stalikas, A. (2018). Positive Parenting or Positive Psychology Parenting? Towards a Conceptual Framework of Positive Psychology Parenting. Journal of Psychology. 9: 1761-1788.

Kyung, I. P., & Sangeun, O. (2012). Effects of active parenting today based on goal attainment theory on parenting stress, parenting behavior, and parenting satisfaction in mothers of school age children. Journal of Korean AcadNurs. 42 (5): 659-670.

Lahav, Z., & Brunstein, A. (2018). Bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescence: The moderating role of parent-child conflicts among boys and girls. Journal of Adolescence. 68, 152-158.

Mahmoodian, S. M., Alizadeh, H., Pezeshk, S., Barajali, A., & Farrokhi, N. (2018). Developing a maternal training program based on Adler-Glasser techniques and examining its effectiveness in improving mother-child relationships among children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Jjfp. 4 (2): 19-28. [In Persian]

Main, A. (2013). Empathic Communication during Mother-Adolescent Conflict Management. Degree of Doctor in Philosophy. University of California, Berkeley.

Mastrotheodoros, S., Van der graaff, J., Decovik, M., H., Meeus, w., & Branj, S. (2020). Parent–Adolescent conflict across adolescence: Trajectories of informant discrepancies and associations with personality types. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 49:119–135.

McKay, G., & McKay, J. (1983). Parent study groups. In O. C. Christensen & T. G. Scharmski (Eds). Adlerian family counseling (349-366). Minneapolis, MN: Educational Media.

McVittie, J., & Best, A. (2009). The Impact of Adlerian-Based Parenting Classes on Self-Reported Parental Behavior. Journal of Individual Psychology. 65 (3): 264-285.

Moed, A., Gershoff, E. T., Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Losoya, S., Spinrad, T. L., & Liew, J. (2015). Parent– adolescent conflict as sequences of reciprocal negative emotion: Links with conflict resolution and adolescents’ behavior problems. Journal of youth and adolescence. 44(8), 1607-1622.

Mohammadi, M., Tahmasian, K., Ghanbari, S. & Fathabadi, J. (2018). The effectiveness of mindful parenting program on parenting stress and parental self-efficacy in mothers of adolescents with high conflict. Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 14 (56), 419-433.

Mullis, F. (1999). Active parenting: An evaluation of two Adlerian parent education programs. The Journal of Individual Psychology. 55: 225- 232.

Nair, K. R., James, J. K., & Santhosh, K. (2015). Identity crisis among early adolescents in relations to abusive experiences in the childhood, social support and parental support. Journal of Psychosocial Research. 10(1), 167.

Nelsen, J. (1996). Positive discipline. New York: Ballantine Books.

Noller, P., & Callan, V. (2015). The adolescent in the family. Routledge.

Oryan, Sh., & Ben-Asher, S. (2018). Democratic deliberative discourse in Adlerian Israeli parenting classes: Ideology and Implementation. The Journal of Individual Psychology. 75(1), 3-2.

Parent, J., McKee, L. G., Anton, M., Gonzalez, M., Jones, D. J., & Forehand, R. (2016). Mindfulness in parenting and coparenting. Mindfulness. 7(2), 504-513.

Perez, J. K., Cumsille, P., & Martinez, M. L. (2016). Agreement between Parent and adolescent autonomy expectations and its relationship to adolescent adjustment. Journal of Adolescence. 53, 10-15.

Robinson, P.W., Robinson, M.P.W., & Dunn, T.W. (2003). STEP parenting: A review of the research. Canadian Journal of Counseling. 37 (4): 270-278. 

Rodrigo, M.J., Hernandez-Cabrere, J., & Dekovic, M. (2012). Resolution of Parent-Child Conflicts in the Adolescence. European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research. 28 (2): 173-188.

Rohi, A. (2014). Theoretical and practical approaches to anxiety disorders in children. Exceptional Education Journal. 3:47-58.

Rostami, S., Toozandehjani, H., & Nejat, H. (2019). The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Training and Adler-Dreikurs Parenting Training on Improving the Quality of the Parent-Child Relationship in divorced Mother’s Children. JNKUMS. 11(3): 46-55. [In Persian]

Saadati, N., Yousefi, Z., Golparvar, M. (2019). The effectiveness of STEP parenting program on the quality of parent-child relationships, parenting self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility of adolescent mothers. Journal of Psychological Sciences. 1399; 19 (94): 1330-1319. [In Persian]

Salehi, S. (2018). The Effectiveness of Parent Training with Adlerian Approach on the Coping Methods among Mothers of their Children with Conduct Disorder. Global Journal of Archaelogy& Anthropology. 3 (3): 1-6.

Sanai, b. (2008). Family and marriage scales. Tehran: Besat. [In Persian]

Spinrad, T. L., & Gal, D. E. (2018). Fostering prosocial behavior and empathy in young children. Current opinion in psychology. 20, 40-44.

Straus, M.A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 41, 75–88.

Teasdale, J.D., Segal, Z.V., Williams, J. M., Ridgeway, V.A., Soulsby, J.M., & Lau, M.A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 68(4):615-623.

Vadadian, Z., Ghanbari Hashemabadi, B., & Mashhadi, A. (2011). Evaluation of the effectiveness of multi-family group therapy on resolving parent-child conflicts and reducing aggression in 14-15 year old girls in Mashhad. Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies. 1(4): 19-41. [In Persian]

Van der Giessen, D., Branje, S. J., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. H. (2013). Dyadic variability in. Mother–adolescent interactions-Developmental trajectories and associations with psychosocial functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 42, 96–108.

Visser, L., winter, A.F., Vollebergh, W.A.M., Verhulst, F. & Reijneveld, S. (2013). The Impact of Parenting Styles on Adolescent Alcohol Use: The TRAILS Study. Eur Addict Res. 19: 165-172.

Whalen, D.J., Scott, L.N., Jakubowski, K.P., McMakin, D.L., Hipwell, A.E., Silk, J.S., & Step, S.D. (2014). Affective behavior during motherdaughter conflict and borderline personality disorder severity across adolescence. Journal of Personal Disord. 5 (1): 88-96.

Xu, Y., Boyd, R.C., Butler, L., Moore, T.M., & Benton, T.D. (2017). Associations of Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies in FamilyCohesion and Conflict with Adolescent Impairment. Journal of Child and Family Studies.  26: 3360- 3369.

Zell, E., Krizan, Z., & Teeter, S.R. (2015). Evaluating gender similarities and differences using metasynthesis. American Psychologist. 70(1), 10.