The aim of this study was to predict Tendency toward Delinquency due to the Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Anger Dimensions in Female Students. This study was cross-sectional descriptive and its statistical population included
Subject Areas : Woman and family
Parisa Moradikelardeh
1
(PhD Student, Department Of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran, (Corresponding author*). p.moradi@uma.ac.ir)
Akbar Atadokht
2
(Associate Professor, Faculty Of Education And Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.)
Keywords: Attitude Toward Delinquency, Difficulty in Emotion Regulation, Dimensions of Anger,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to predict Tendency toward Delinquency due to the Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Anger Dimensions in Female Students. This study was cross-sectional descriptive and its statistical population was all Female high school students in the one district of Ardabil city, that 279 students from four high schools were selected using multi-stage clusters sampling method. In order to collect data, Dimensions of Anger Questionnaire (Sigel, 1986), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) and Attitude toward Delinquency Questionnaire (Fazli, 2010) were used. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and stepwise regression. The results showed that tendency toward delinquency had a significant positive relationship with the components of anger arousal, hostile attitude, anger-out and anger-in from the dimensions of anger and had positive relationship with components in doing, difficulty in impulse control and lack of transparency from difficulties in emotion regulation (p<0.01). Also, the components of hostile attitude and anger-out from the dimensions of anger and the component of difficulty in impulse control and lack of transparency from the difficulties in emotion regulation could significantly predict the tendency toward delinquency. Therefore, the results of this study have important implications for identifying individuals at risk of delinquency and need to be considered in development of preventive and therapeutic interventions.
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
Asghari Ebrahimabad, M.J., Moshirian, M.M & Razaghi Kashani, S.h. (2019) Predicting hope based on the difficulty of emotional regulation and religious attitudes in students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies; (9): 192-173.
Bahraini, N., Aghaei, A. (2019). Comparison of emotional regulation and self-awareness in normal and delinquent adolescents. Thoughts and behavior; (5): 213, 67-57.
Basharpour, S., Droudy, J., Seif, E. (2019). Investigating the dimensions of anger and deviant personality traits with cyber aggression. Psychological Studies; 15(1): 113-97. [Persian]
Besharat, M.A. (2014). Psychometric properties of emotion regulation difficulty questionnaire, research report, University of Tehran.
Besharat, M.A., Bazazian, S. (2014). A study of psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in a sample of Iranian society. Journal of the School of Nursing and Midwifery; (84): 70-61.
Campano, J.P., & Munakata, T. (2004). Anger and aggression among Filipino students. Adolescence. 39, 757-764
Dennis, T.A., Cole, P.M., Wiggins, C.N., Cohen, L.H., & Zalewski, M. (2009). The functional organization of preschool-age children’s emotion expressions and actions in challenging situations. Emotion. 9, 520–530
Du, D. (2019). Developing an integrated biosocial theory to understand juvenile delinquency: from the social, cognitive, affective, and moral (SCAM) perspectives. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 6(2): 18-26
Evans, S.Z., Simons, L.G., Simons, A. (2015). Factors that Influence Trajectories of Delinquency Throughout Adolescence. Empirical Research. 45(4), 156–171
Farrington, D.P., Ttofi, G.M. (2017). Systematic reviews of explanatory risk factors for violence, offending, and delinquency. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 33. 24-36
Fazli, V. (2014) Investigating the relationship between parents' educational methods and their attitudes toward delinquent behaviors in adolescents aged 15 to 18 in Tehran. Journal of Crime Prevention Studies; (14): 112-79.
Feindler, E.L., & Engel, E.C. (2011). Assesment and intervention for adolescents with anger and aggression difficulties in school settings. Psychology in the Schools,48(3), 243-253
Fields, S.A., McNamara, J.R. (2013). The prevention of child and adolescent violence: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 9(1), 61-11.
Fives, C. J., Kong, G., & Fuller, J.R.. (2011). Anger, aggression, and irrational beliefs in adolescents. Cognitive Therapy Research, 35, 199-208.
Fritz, V.M., Wiklund, G., Koposov, R.A., Klinteberg, B.A., &Ruchkin, V.V. (2008), Psychopathy and violence in juvenile delinquents: what are the associated factors? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31, 272-279.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Leiderdorp, the Netherlands: DATEC.
Ghorbani, A., Yazarloo, S. (2021). Structural Equation Modeling Identity Styles and Self-efficacy With the Attitude to Crime in Students. Sociology of Education; 14(1): 1-14. [Persian]
Gratz, K., L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(3), 41-54.
Greenberg, M.T. (2006). Promoting resilience in children and youth: Preventive interventions and their interface with neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 139–150.
Gungea, M., Jaunky, V.C., Ramesh, V. (2017). Personality Traits and Juvenile Delinquency. International Journal of Conceptions on Management and Social Sciences. 5(1). 2357 – 2787
Hamidi, A., Alipour, L. (2020). A Comparative Study of Individual Social Rights of Badly Supervised Girls and Fugitive Girls (Case Study of Tehran Region 4). Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 63 (3); 122-111
Hassani, J., Ghaednia Jahromi, A. (2019). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in runaway and normal girls. Journal of Alborz University of Medical Sciences; (1): 5, 48-41.
Hay, C., Meldrum, R.C., Widdowson, A.O., Piquero, A.R. (2017). Early Aggression and Later Delinquency: Considering the Redirecting Role of Good Parenting. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 15(4) 374-395
Hosseinzadeh, A., Azizi, M., Tavakoli, H. (2013). Social support and life satisfaction in adolescents; The mediating role of self-efficacy and self-esteem. Evolutionary Psychology of Iranian Psychologists; 4(4): 114-103.
Ireland, J.L. (2014), Anger management therapy with young male offenders: An evaluation of treatment outcome. Aggressive Behavior; 30(2): 174-85.
Jafari, A., Ghazanfarian, F., Ali Akbari, M., Kamerzin, H. (2017). The effectiveness of coping skills training on emotional regulation in delinquent adolescents. Journal of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; (24): 4, 110-97.
Kaimal, G.G., Vidhukumar, K., Padmam, R. (2021). Delinquent behaviour and emotional intelligence among inmates of juvenile homes in Kerala, India. Kerala Journal of Psychiatry. 34(1), 78-95
Karimi, F., Nickoy Copas, E., Nikkhah, L., Asoudeh, Z., Babaei, M. (2015) The relationship between irrational beliefs, a source of inhibition and attitudes toward delinquency in high school students. Criminal Law Journal; (24): 221-243.
Karimi, H., Hematsabet, E., Haghighi, M., Ahmad Panah, M. (2013). Comparison of the effect of communication skills training and anger management on the level of aggression of cannabis addicts in Hamadan prison. Behavioral Science Research; (2): 129-138.
Karimian, H. (2007). Take a look at juvenile delinquency. Journal of Crime Prevention Studies; (126): 141-156.
Kelticangas-Jarvinen, L. (2005), Social problem solving and development of aggression. In McMurran, M. & McGuire, (Eds), Social Problem Solving and Offending, (31-49). Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Keating, D.P., I. Demidenko, M., & Kelly, D. (2019). Cognitive and neurocognitive development in adolescence. In Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier.
Lansing, A.E., Plante, W.Y., Golshan, S., Fennema-Notestine, C., Thuret, S. (2017). Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between verbal learning and internalizing, trauma-related and externalizing symptoms among early-onset, persistently delinquent adolescents. Learning and Individual Differences, 5(3). 87-101
Lara, D. R., Bisol L. W., Brunstein M. G., Reppold, C. T., de Carvalho H. W., & Ottoni, G. L. (2012). The Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament (AFECT) model and scale: A system-based integrative approach, Journal of Affective Disorders,140(3), 14-37.
Lee, T.H., Perino, M.T., McElwain, N.L., Telzer, E.H. (2019). Perceiving facial affective ambiguity: a behavioral and neural comparison of adolescents and adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 4(2). 78-93
Liu, C., Moore, A., Beekman, C., Pérez-Edgar, K.E., Leve, L., Shaw, D., Ganiban, J., Natsuaki, M., Reiss, D., Jenae, A. (2018). Developmental Patterns of Anger from Infancy to Middle Childhood Predict Problem Behaviors at Age 8. Dev Psychol. 54(11), 2090–2100
Lotfali, S., Moradi, A., Ekhtiari, H. (2017). On the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training in Anger Management and Emotional Regulation Difficulties in Adolescents. Modern Applied Science; 11(1): 114-123
Lotfali, S., Moradi, A., & Ekhtiari, H. (2017). On the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training in Anger Management and Emotional Regulation Difficulties in Adolescents. Modern Applied Science. 11(1), 114-123
Luna, B., & Sweeney, J.A. (2004). The emergenceof collaborative brain function: fMRI studies ofthe development of response inhibition. Journal of Annals ofthe New York. Academy of Sciences. 1021(3), 296-309
Murray, A., Mirman, J.F., Carter, L, Eisnercd, M. (2021). Individual and developmental differences in delinquency: Can they be explained by adolescent risk-taking models?. Developmental Review; 62(4): 48-61.
Nazari, M., Lotfi, M., Amini, M. (2019). The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between family communication patterns and tendencies to high-risk behaviors and Internet addiction. Psychological Development; (9): 65-76.
O'Connor, F.W., Lovell, D., Brown, L. (2012). Implementing residential treatment for prison inmates with mental illness. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 16(5), 232-8
Page, C.E., & Coutellier, L. (2018). Adolescent Stress Disrupts the Maturation of Anxiety-related Behaviors and Alters the Developmental Trajectory of the Prefrontal Cortex in a Sex- and Age-specific Manner. Neuroscience. 390, 265-277.
Peach, H.D., & Gaultney, J.F. (2013). Sleep, impulse control, and sensation-seeking predict delinquent behavior in adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Journal of Adolescent Health. 53 (2), 293-299
Perino, M.T., Moreira, J.F., McCormick, E.M., Telzer, E.H. (2019). Apples to apples? Neural correlates of emotion regulation differences between high- and low-risk adolescents. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 12(3), 827–836
Pierce, H., Jones, M.S. (2022). Gender Differences in the Accumulation, Timing, and Duration of Childhood Adverse Experiences and Youth Delinquency in Fragile Families. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency; 24(1): https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278211003227.
Qaragozlu, N., Atadokht, A., Basharpour, S., Narimani, M. (2017). The role of mothers' religious orientation in predicting positive and negative attitudes of adolescent boys towards delinquency. Developmental Psychology; (12): 199-212
Raine, A. (2014). The anatomy of violence: The biological roots of crime. Vintage Publication, NewYork.
Sadeghifard, M. (2011). Social factors affecting the attitudes of adolescents and young boys towards crime and strategies to prevent it. Journal of Crime Prevention Studies; (16): 114-85 28.
Sanders, M.R. (2016), Parenting interventions and the prevention of serious mental health problems in children, Developmental Psychology. 177(5), 87-92.
Schug, R.A., Andrea, l., Glenn, M, P., Yaling, Y., & Adrian, R (2010), The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic applications. Published in forensic psychology book edited by Graham, J. Towl& David A. Grighton. Oxford: Blackwell.
SeviKoc, M., Aka, B. T., Dogruy, B., Cutiss, J., Carpenter, J. K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019). “Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ)”. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 5(2) 1-10
Siegel, J.M. (1986). The Multidimensional Anger Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51(5), 191-200.
Sina, O., Golshani, F. (2021). The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between rumination and aggression in bipolar patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology; 1(49): 1-11.
Spruit, A., Schalkwijk, F., Van Vugt, E., & Stams, G.J. (2016). The relation between self-conscious emotions and delinquency: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 28(3), 12-20
Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., & Hofmann, S.G. (2011). The effect of emotion regulation strategies on anger. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 49(2), 114-119.
Taliba, S.M. (2020). The Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training on Emotion Regulation Strategies and Social Competence of Adolescents with High Risk Behaviors. Clinical and Experimental Psychology. 6(2), 1-4
Timmer, A., Antonaccio, O., French, M. (2020). Hot or Cool Processing? Adolescent Decision-Making and Delinquency. Academy of Criminal Justice Quarterly. 12(5). 27-39
World Health Organization Report 2014. Mental health: New understanding, New Hope. Available from: http://www.who.int/whr/2014/en./
Zamani, D., Tarmian, F., Motamed, N. (2017). The relationship between personality factors, emotion regulation, antisocial cognitions, mental health and areas of life with delinquent behaviors. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; (115): 107-93.
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American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
Asghari Ebrahimabad, M.J., Moshirian, M.M & Razaghi Kashani, S.h. (2019) Predicting hope based on the difficulty of emotional regulation and religious attitudes in students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies; (9): 192-173.
Bahraini, N., Aghaei, A. (2019). Comparison of emotional regulation and self-awareness in normal and delinquent adolescents. Thoughts and behavior; (5): 213, 67-57.
Basharpour, S., Droudy, J., Seif, E. (2019). Investigating the dimensions of anger and deviant personality traits with cyber aggression. Psychological Studies; 15(1): 113-97. [Persian]
Besharat, M.A. (2014). Psychometric properties of emotion regulation difficulty questionnaire, research report, University of Tehran.
Besharat, M.A., Bazazian, S. (2014). A study of psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in a sample of Iranian society. Journal of the School of Nursing and Midwifery; (84): 70-61.
Campano, J.P., & Munakata, T. (2004). Anger and aggression among Filipino students. Adolescence. 39, 757-764
Dennis, T.A., Cole, P.M., Wiggins, C.N., Cohen, L.H., & Zalewski, M. (2009). The functional organization of preschool-age children’s emotion expressions and actions in challenging situations. Emotion. 9, 520–530
Du, D. (2019). Developing an integrated biosocial theory to understand juvenile delinquency: from the social, cognitive, affective, and moral (SCAM) perspectives. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 6(2): 18-26
Evans, S.Z., Simons, L.G., Simons, A. (2015). Factors that Influence Trajectories of Delinquency Throughout Adolescence. Empirical Research. 45(4), 156–171
Farrington, D.P., Ttofi, G.M. (2017). Systematic reviews of explanatory risk factors for violence, offending, and delinquency. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 33. 24-36
Fazli, V. (2014) Investigating the relationship between parents' educational methods and their attitudes toward delinquent behaviors in adolescents aged 15 to 18 in Tehran. Journal of Crime Prevention Studies; (14): 112-79.
Feindler, E.L., & Engel, E.C. (2011). Assesment and intervention for adolescents with anger and aggression difficulties in school settings. Psychology in the Schools,48(3), 243-253
Fields, S.A., McNamara, J.R. (2013). The prevention of child and adolescent violence: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 9(1), 61-11.
Fives, C. J., Kong, G., & Fuller, J.R.. (2011). Anger, aggression, and irrational beliefs in adolescents. Cognitive Therapy Research, 35, 199-208.
Fritz, V.M., Wiklund, G., Koposov, R.A., Klinteberg, B.A., &Ruchkin, V.V. (2008), Psychopathy and violence in juvenile delinquents: what are the associated factors? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31, 272-279.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Leiderdorp, the Netherlands: DATEC.
Ghorbani, A., Yazarloo, S. (2021). Structural Equation Modeling Identity Styles and Self-efficacy With the Attitude to Crime in Students. Sociology of Education; 14(1): 1-14. [Persian]
Gratz, K., L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(3), 41-54.
Greenberg, M.T. (2006). Promoting resilience in children and youth: Preventive interventions and their interface with neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 139–150.
Gungea, M., Jaunky, V.C., Ramesh, V. (2017). Personality Traits and Juvenile Delinquency. International Journal of Conceptions on Management and Social Sciences. 5(1). 2357 – 2787
Hamidi, A., Alipour, L. (2020). A Comparative Study of Individual Social Rights of Badly Supervised Girls and Fugitive Girls (Case Study of Tehran Region 4). Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 63 (3); 122-111
Hassani, J., Ghaednia Jahromi, A. (2019). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in runaway and normal girls. Journal of Alborz University of Medical Sciences; (1): 5, 48-41.
Hay, C., Meldrum, R.C., Widdowson, A.O., Piquero, A.R. (2017). Early Aggression and Later Delinquency: Considering the Redirecting Role of Good Parenting. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 15(4) 374-395
Hosseinzadeh, A., Azizi, M., Tavakoli, H. (2013). Social support and life satisfaction in adolescents; The mediating role of self-efficacy and self-esteem. Evolutionary Psychology of Iranian Psychologists; 4(4): 114-103.
Ireland, J.L. (2014), Anger management therapy with young male offenders: An evaluation of treatment outcome. Aggressive Behavior; 30(2): 174-85.
Jafari, A., Ghazanfarian, F., Ali Akbari, M., Kamerzin, H. (2017). The effectiveness of coping skills training on emotional regulation in delinquent adolescents. Journal of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; (24): 4, 110-97.
Kaimal, G.G., Vidhukumar, K., Padmam, R. (2021). Delinquent behaviour and emotional intelligence among inmates of juvenile homes in Kerala, India. Kerala Journal of Psychiatry. 34(1), 78-95
Karimi, F., Nickoy Copas, E., Nikkhah, L., Asoudeh, Z., Babaei, M. (2015) The relationship between irrational beliefs, a source of inhibition and attitudes toward delinquency in high school students. Criminal Law Journal; (24): 221-243.
Karimi, H., Hematsabet, E., Haghighi, M., Ahmad Panah, M. (2013). Comparison of the effect of communication skills training and anger management on the level of aggression of cannabis addicts in Hamadan prison. Behavioral Science Research; (2): 129-138.
Karimian, H. (2007). Take a look at juvenile delinquency. Journal of Crime Prevention Studies; (126): 141-156.
Kelticangas-Jarvinen, L. (2005), Social problem solving and development of aggression. In McMurran, M. & McGuire, (Eds), Social Problem Solving and Offending, (31-49). Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Keating, D.P., I. Demidenko, M., & Kelly, D. (2019). Cognitive and neurocognitive development in adolescence. In Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier.
Lansing, A.E., Plante, W.Y., Golshan, S., Fennema-Notestine, C., Thuret, S. (2017). Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between verbal learning and internalizing, trauma-related and externalizing symptoms among early-onset, persistently delinquent adolescents. Learning and Individual Differences, 5(3). 87-101
Lara, D. R., Bisol L. W., Brunstein M. G., Reppold, C. T., de Carvalho H. W., & Ottoni, G. L. (2012). The Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament (AFECT) model and scale: A system-based integrative approach, Journal of Affective Disorders,140(3), 14-37.
Lee, T.H., Perino, M.T., McElwain, N.L., Telzer, E.H. (2019). Perceiving facial affective ambiguity: a behavioral and neural comparison of adolescents and adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 4(2). 78-93
Liu, C., Moore, A., Beekman, C., Pérez-Edgar, K.E., Leve, L., Shaw, D., Ganiban, J., Natsuaki, M., Reiss, D., Jenae, A. (2018). Developmental Patterns of Anger from Infancy to Middle Childhood Predict Problem Behaviors at Age 8. Dev Psychol. 54(11), 2090–2100
Lotfali, S., Moradi, A., Ekhtiari, H. (2017). On the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training in Anger Management and Emotional Regulation Difficulties in Adolescents. Modern Applied Science; 11(1): 114-123
Lotfali, S., Moradi, A., & Ekhtiari, H. (2017). On the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training in Anger Management and Emotional Regulation Difficulties in Adolescents. Modern Applied Science. 11(1), 114-123
Luna, B., & Sweeney, J.A. (2004). The emergenceof collaborative brain function: fMRI studies ofthe development of response inhibition. Journal of Annals ofthe New York. Academy of Sciences. 1021(3), 296-309
Murray, A., Mirman, J.F., Carter, L, Eisnercd, M. (2021). Individual and developmental differences in delinquency: Can they be explained by adolescent risk-taking models?. Developmental Review; 62(4): 48-61.
Nazari, M., Lotfi, M., Amini, M. (2019). The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between family communication patterns and tendencies to high-risk behaviors and Internet addiction. Psychological Development; (9): 65-76.
O'Connor, F.W., Lovell, D., Brown, L. (2012). Implementing residential treatment for prison inmates with mental illness. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 16(5), 232-8
Page, C.E., & Coutellier, L. (2018). Adolescent Stress Disrupts the Maturation of Anxiety-related Behaviors and Alters the Developmental Trajectory of the Prefrontal Cortex in a Sex- and Age-specific Manner. Neuroscience. 390, 265-277.
Peach, H.D., & Gaultney, J.F. (2013). Sleep, impulse control, and sensation-seeking predict delinquent behavior in adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Journal of Adolescent Health. 53 (2), 293-299
Perino, M.T., Moreira, J.F., McCormick, E.M., Telzer, E.H. (2019). Apples to apples? Neural correlates of emotion regulation differences between high- and low-risk adolescents. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 12(3), 827–836
Pierce, H., Jones, M.S. (2022). Gender Differences in the Accumulation, Timing, and Duration of Childhood Adverse Experiences and Youth Delinquency in Fragile Families. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency; 24(1): https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278211003227.
Qaragozlu, N., Atadokht, A., Basharpour, S., Narimani, M. (2017). The role of mothers' religious orientation in predicting positive and negative attitudes of adolescent boys towards delinquency. Developmental Psychology; (12): 199-212
Raine, A. (2014). The anatomy of violence: The biological roots of crime. Vintage Publication, NewYork.
Sadeghifard, M. (2011). Social factors affecting the attitudes of adolescents and young boys towards crime and strategies to prevent it. Journal of Crime Prevention Studies; (16): 114-85 28.
Sanders, M.R. (2016), Parenting interventions and the prevention of serious mental health problems in children, Developmental Psychology. 177(5), 87-92.
Schug, R.A., Andrea, l., Glenn, M, P., Yaling, Y., & Adrian, R (2010), The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic applications. Published in forensic psychology book edited by Graham, J. Towl& David A. Grighton. Oxford: Blackwell.
SeviKoc, M., Aka, B. T., Dogruy, B., Cutiss, J., Carpenter, J. K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019). “Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ)”. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 5(2) 1-10
Siegel, J.M. (1986). The Multidimensional Anger Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51(5), 191-200.
Sina, O., Golshani, F. (2021). The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between rumination and aggression in bipolar patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology; 1(49): 1-11.
Spruit, A., Schalkwijk, F., Van Vugt, E., & Stams, G.J. (2016). The relation between self-conscious emotions and delinquency: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 28(3), 12-20
Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., & Hofmann, S.G. (2011). The effect of emotion regulation strategies on anger. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 49(2), 114-119.
Taliba, S.M. (2020). The Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training on Emotion Regulation Strategies and Social Competence of Adolescents with High Risk Behaviors. Clinical and Experimental Psychology. 6(2), 1-4
Timmer, A., Antonaccio, O., French, M. (2020). Hot or Cool Processing? Adolescent Decision-Making and Delinquency. Academy of Criminal Justice Quarterly. 12(5). 27-39
World Health Organization Report 2014. Mental health: New understanding, New Hope. Available from: http://www.who.int/whr/2014/en./
Zamani, D., Tarmian, F., Motamed, N. (2017). The relationship between personality factors, emotion regulation, antisocial cognitions, mental health and areas of life with delinquent behaviors. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; (115): 107-93.