Effect of Self-compassion (CFT) therapy on the feelings of loneliness, shame and guilt of female applicants for divorce
Subject Areas : Woman and familyNajmeh Abusaeidi Moghadam 1 , Gholam Reza Sanagouye Moharer 2 , Mahmoud Shirazi 3
1 - ph.Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
2 - *Associate Professor Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
Keywords: loneliness, shame, guilt, self-compassion therapy,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CFT-based interventions on the feelings of loneliness, shame and guilty of female applicants for divorce. The statistical population of this study included all women who were referred to the Kerman Counseling and Psychological Services Center for divorce counseling. Through the available sampling method, 30 people who scored the highest scores in loneliness tools by Russell et al. (1980) and Self-conscious affect Roth et al. (2006) were selected as sample subjects and randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control each including 15 subjects The research data were collected in three stages before intervention, immediately after intervention, and three months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed variance analysis. The results showed that self-compassion-based interventions have a significant effect on the feelings of loneliness, shame and guilt of female applicants for divorce. The findings of this study can be used as part of divorce interventions.
Aartsen, M., & Jylhä, M. (2011). Onset of loneliness in older adults: results of a 28 year prospective study. European journal of ageing, 8(1), 31-38.
Alpass, F. M., & Neville, S. (2003). Loneliness, health and depression in older males. Aging & mental health, 7(3), 212-216.
Auslander, B. A., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2010). Intimate romantic relationships in young adulthood: A biodevelopmental perspective. Young adult mental health, 158-168.
Carpenter, T. P., Tignor, S. M., Tsang, J. A., & Willett, A. (2016). Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt-and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 53-61.
Ciarrochi, J., Kashdan, T., & Harris, R. (2013). The foundations of flourishing.
de Hooge, I. I. (2014). The general sociometer shame: Positive interpersonal consequences of an ugly emotion.
de Jong Gierveld, J., & Havens, B. (2004). Cross-national comparisons of social isolation and loneliness: introduction and overview. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 23(2), 109-113.
Dykstra, P. A., & Fokkema, T. (2007). Social and emotional loneliness among divorced and married men and women: Comparing the deficit and cognitive perspectives. Basic and applied social psychology, 29(1), 1-12.
Fisher, M. L., & Exline, J. J. (2010). Moving toward self‐forgiveness: Removing barriers related to shame, guilt, and regret. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(8), 548-558.
Gausel, N., & Leach, C. W. (2011). Concern for self‐image and social image in the management of moral failure: Rethinking shame. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(4), 468-478.
Hansen, T., & Slagsvold, B. (2016). Late-life loneliness in 11 European countries: Results from the generations and gender survey. Social Indicators Research, 129(1), 445-464.
Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happi-ness in non-meditators: A theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 222-227.
Leach, C. W. (2017). Understanding shame and guilt. In Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness (pp. 17-28). Springer, Cham.
Luanaigh, C. Ó., & Lawlor, B. A. (2008). Loneliness and the health of older people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences, 23(12), 1213-1221.
Maheux, A., & Price, M. (2016). The indirect effect of social support on post-trauma psychopathology via self-compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 102-107.
Miron, L. R., Sherrill, A. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Fear of self-compassion and psychological inflexibility interact to predict PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(1), 37-41.
Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-102.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and its link to adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139-154.
Neff, K., & Tirch, D. (2013). Self-compassion and ACT. Mindfulness, acceptance, and positive psychology: The seven foundations of well-being, 78-106.
Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-conscious emotions and depression: Rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 32(12), 1608-1619.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Soto, C. J. (2010). Tracking the trajectory of shame, guilt, and pride across the life span. Journal of personality and social psychology, 99(6), 1061.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(3), 472.
Saadati, N., Rostami, M., Darbani, S.A. (1395). Comparison of the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and treatment focused on self-esteem and commitment to self-esteem and post-divorce adjustment of women. Family Psychology, 3, 2, 45-58.[in persian]
Santini, Z. I., Fiori, K. L., Feeney, J., Tyrovolas, S., Haro, J. M., & Koyanagi, A. (2016). Social relationships, loneliness, and mental health among older men and women in Ireland: A prospective community-based study. Journal of affective disorders, 204, 59-69.
Sbarra, D. A., Smith, H. L., & Mehl, M. R. (2012). When leaving your ex, love yourself: Observational ratings of self-compassion predict the course of emotional recovery following marital separation. Psychological Science, 23, 261-269.
Shafiei M., Akbari Sh., Heidari Rad, H. (1397). Effectiveness of self-compassion training on loneliness and resilience in destitute women. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 6, 71-8 .[in persian]
Soons, J. P., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2008). Together is better? Effects of relationship status and resources on young adults' well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(4), 603-624.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of abnormal psychology, 101(3), 469.
Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Tangney, J. P. (Eds.). (2007). The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. Guilford Press.
Trompetter, H. R., de Kleine, E., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017). Why does positive mental health buffer against psychopathology? An exploratory study on self-compassion as a resilience mechanism and adaptive emotion regulation strategy. Cognitive therapy and research, 41(3), 459-468.
Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought suppression. In S. T. Fiske (Ed.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 51, pp. 59-91). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
Young, C. M., Neighbors, C., DiBello, A. M., Traylor, Z. K., & Tomkins, M. (2016). Shame and guilt-proneness as mediators of associations between general causality orientations and depressive symptoms. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 35(5), 357-370.
_||_Aartsen, M., & Jylhä, M. (2011). Onset of loneliness in older adults: results of a 28 year prospective study. European journal of ageing, 8(1), 31-38.
Alpass, F. M., & Neville, S. (2003). Loneliness, health and depression in older males. Aging & mental health, 7(3), 212-216.
Auslander, B. A., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2010). Intimate romantic relationships in young adulthood: A biodevelopmental perspective. Young adult mental health, 158-168.
Carpenter, T. P., Tignor, S. M., Tsang, J. A., & Willett, A. (2016). Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt-and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 53-61.
Ciarrochi, J., Kashdan, T., & Harris, R. (2013). The foundations of flourishing.
de Hooge, I. I. (2014). The general sociometer shame: Positive interpersonal consequences of an ugly emotion.
de Jong Gierveld, J., & Havens, B. (2004). Cross-national comparisons of social isolation and loneliness: introduction and overview. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 23(2), 109-113.
Dykstra, P. A., & Fokkema, T. (2007). Social and emotional loneliness among divorced and married men and women: Comparing the deficit and cognitive perspectives. Basic and applied social psychology, 29(1), 1-12.
Fisher, M. L., & Exline, J. J. (2010). Moving toward self‐forgiveness: Removing barriers related to shame, guilt, and regret. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(8), 548-558.
Gausel, N., & Leach, C. W. (2011). Concern for self‐image and social image in the management of moral failure: Rethinking shame. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(4), 468-478.
Hansen, T., & Slagsvold, B. (2016). Late-life loneliness in 11 European countries: Results from the generations and gender survey. Social Indicators Research, 129(1), 445-464.
Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happi-ness in non-meditators: A theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 222-227.
Leach, C. W. (2017). Understanding shame and guilt. In Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness (pp. 17-28). Springer, Cham.
Luanaigh, C. Ó., & Lawlor, B. A. (2008). Loneliness and the health of older people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences, 23(12), 1213-1221.
Maheux, A., & Price, M. (2016). The indirect effect of social support on post-trauma psychopathology via self-compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 102-107.
Miron, L. R., Sherrill, A. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Fear of self-compassion and psychological inflexibility interact to predict PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(1), 37-41.
Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-102.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and its link to adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139-154.
Neff, K., & Tirch, D. (2013). Self-compassion and ACT. Mindfulness, acceptance, and positive psychology: The seven foundations of well-being, 78-106.
Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-conscious emotions and depression: Rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 32(12), 1608-1619.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Soto, C. J. (2010). Tracking the trajectory of shame, guilt, and pride across the life span. Journal of personality and social psychology, 99(6), 1061.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(3), 472.
Saadati, N., Rostami, M., Darbani, S.A. (1395). Comparison of the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and treatment focused on self-esteem and commitment to self-esteem and post-divorce adjustment of women. Family Psychology, 3, 2, 45-58.[in persian]
Santini, Z. I., Fiori, K. L., Feeney, J., Tyrovolas, S., Haro, J. M., & Koyanagi, A. (2016). Social relationships, loneliness, and mental health among older men and women in Ireland: A prospective community-based study. Journal of affective disorders, 204, 59-69.
Sbarra, D. A., Smith, H. L., & Mehl, M. R. (2012). When leaving your ex, love yourself: Observational ratings of self-compassion predict the course of emotional recovery following marital separation. Psychological Science, 23, 261-269.
Shafiei M., Akbari Sh., Heidari Rad, H. (1397). Effectiveness of self-compassion training on loneliness and resilience in destitute women. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 6, 71-8 .[in persian]
Soons, J. P., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2008). Together is better? Effects of relationship status and resources on young adults' well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(4), 603-624.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of abnormal psychology, 101(3), 469.
Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Tangney, J. P. (Eds.). (2007). The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. Guilford Press.
Trompetter, H. R., de Kleine, E., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017). Why does positive mental health buffer against psychopathology? An exploratory study on self-compassion as a resilience mechanism and adaptive emotion regulation strategy. Cognitive therapy and research, 41(3), 459-468.
Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought suppression. In S. T. Fiske (Ed.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 51, pp. 59-91). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
Young, C. M., Neighbors, C., DiBello, A. M., Traylor, Z. K., & Tomkins, M. (2016). Shame and guilt-proneness as mediators of associations between general causality orientations and depressive symptoms. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 35(5), 357-370.