Predicting Pregnancy Anxiety Based on Metacognitive Beliefs and Psychological Health in Pregnant Women in Tabriz

Subject Areas : Woman and family

Farideh  NasirikenariKenari ¹ (Master, Department of Clinical Psychology, Science and Research, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran)
Mehdi  Rahnavard Bakhshayesh ² (Master, Department of Clinical Psychology, Science and Research, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran)
Mortaza  Azizi ³ (*Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sarab Branch, Sarab, Iran)

Received: 2019-02-13 Accepted : 2020-08-19 Published : 2020-11-21

Keywords: psychological health, Metacognitive beliefs, Pregnancy Anxiety,

Abstract :

The aim of this study was to predict pregnancy anxiety based on metacognitive beliefs and psychological health in pregnant women. The research design Was descriptive correlational According to the research design and statistical population, 100 pregnant women were selected by available sampling method. The Kelberg General Health Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety and Wells Metacognitive Beliefs questionnaire were used in the data collection process. Collected data were analyzed by using  Pearson correlational analysis and Pearson correlational  analysis and multiple regression (p <0.05). The results showed a significant positive relationship between mental health and gestational anxiety; and between metacognitive beliefs and pregnancy anxiety. Also, regarding the main hypothesis of the research, the findings showed that the combination of psychological health variables and metacognitive beliefs could significantly explain pregnancy anxiety; Accordingly, the results of the present study can provide useful information to promote scientific and practical knowledge for obstetricians and psychologists.

References:

Adler. A. (1926).The Neurotic Constitution. New York: Dood, Mead..

Ahmadi. H; Banijamali. SH. (1996). Psychology of development of basic concepts in child psychology. Tehran, Jeihoon publication. (In Persian).

Anhari, S; Alivandi Vafa, M; Jafari, A. (2016). A Comparitive Study of Spritual Intelligence, Happiness and Life Satisfaction in Women with High and Low Pregnancy Anxiety. M.A. Thesis, Deparment of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. (In Persian).

Armstrong D, Hutti M.(1998). Pregnancy after perinatal loss: the relationship between anxiety and prenatal attachment. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 27(2),183-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1998.tb02609.x.

Ashouri, A; Vakili, Y; Ben Saeed, S; & Noui, Z. (2009). Metacognitive Beliefs and Mental Health among Students, Research and Scientific Journal of Principles of Mental Health. 11(1) (Frequently 41),15-20. (In Persian).

Babapour Khair Aldin, J; Rasoulzadeh Tabatabaei, S. K; Edge, K; & Fathi Ashtiani, A. (2003). Studying the Relationship between Problem Solution Methods and Psychological Health of Students. Journal of Psychology. 7(1), 3-18. (In Persian)

Bahribinabaj N. (2001).Effects of psychological support, physical training during labor on pain severity in nulliparous women. Thsis in Persian. Mashhad:Mashhad School of Nursing and Midwifery. (In Persian).

Bastani F, Hidarnia A, Kazemnejad A, Vafaei M, Kashanian M. (2005). A Randomized controlled trial of the effects of applied relaxation training on reducing anxiety and perceived stress in pregnant women. J Midwifery & Womens Health.50(4):36-40. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2004.11.008.

Beck,A.T; Epstein, N;Brown, G; Steer, R.A.(1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 56(6), 893-897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893.

Bhagwanani, S. G; Seagraves, K; Leroy, J; Dierker, M; & Lax, M. (1997). Relationship between prenatal anxiety &prenatal outcome in nulliparous woman: A prospective study. Journal of the National Medical Association. 89 (2), 93-98. PMID: 9046762

Brouwers EP, van Baar A. & Pop VJ. (2001). Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and subsequent infant development. J Infant Behav Dev. 24(1):95-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00062-5.

Bunevicius A, Cesnaite E. (2007). Antenatal Maternal Mental State and Anthropometric Characteristics of the Neonates: Impact of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety. Biologinė Psichiatrija. 91(1): 3-6.

Carr, M; Joyce, A. Schwanenflugel, P. (1996). Where Gifted Children do and do not excel on metacognitive task. Roeper Review. 18(3), 212-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783199609553740.

Cartwright-Hatton, S. &Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusion: The Metacognitions Questionnaire. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 11(3), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00011-X.

Christian,L.M. (2012).Psychon-euroimmunology in pregnancy: Immune pathways linking stress with maternal health, adverse birth outcomes, and fetal development. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 36 (1), 350- 361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.005.

Cookson, H; Granell, R; Joinson, C; Ben, S. Y; & Henderson, A. J. (2009). Mothers' anxiety during pregnancy is associated with asthma in their children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 123 (4), 847-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.042.

Cote-Arsenault D, & Mahlangu N. (1999). Impact of perinatal loss on the subsequent pregnancy and self: women’s experiences.. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic Neonatal Nursing. 28(3), 274-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1999.tb01992.x.

Davari, R. (2007). The Relationship among Creativity, Emotional Intelligence and Coping Styles of Stress, Journal of Thoughts and Behavior, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch, 2nd period, No 6, Winter. (In Persian).

Ebrahimi,E. (2005). Studying and  Comparing the Relationship between Coping Styles and Mental Pressure (Stress), Emotional Creativity and Mental Health among Male Athlete and Non-athlete Students of  Kharazmi University of Tehran. M.A Thesis in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education of Kharazmi University of Tehran. (In Persian).

Edlin, G; Golanty, E; & Brown, K. M. (1999). Health and wellness: Web enhanced sixth edition. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Retrieved February 9, 2001, from http://emedia. netlibrary. com/api-b. nfo&record= {AE}&softpage=Document.

Eng, W; Coles, M. E; Heimberg, R. G; & Safren, S. A. (2005). Domains of life satisfaction in social anxiety disorder: Relation to symptoms and response to cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 19(2), 143 – 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.01.007.

Erasmus, R.V. (1997). Advances in Understanding Happiness. Revue Quebecoise de Psychologie. (18), 29-79.

Eslami, Sh; Alivandi Vafa, M. (2016). The Prediction of Pregnancy Anxiety on the basis of Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Alexithymia of Pregnant Women in Tabriz. M.A. Thesis, Deparment of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. (In Persian).

Estoura L. (1998).Stress: Modern Disorder. Translator: Dadsetan, P. 1st ed. Tehran: Samt Publication. (In Persian)

Farland, J. M; Salisbury, A. L; Cynthia, L. B, Hawes, K. K; Halloran, K; & Lester, B. M. (2011). Major depressive disorder during pregnancy and emotional attachment to the fetus. Archive of Women’s Mental Health. 14 (5), 425-434.

Fathi Ashtiani, A. (2009). Psychological tests: personality evaluation and mental well-being, Tehran, Bahman publication. (In Persian).

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906-911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906.

Flavell, J. H; & Miller, P. (1998). Social cognition. In W. Doman (Series Ed.) & D. Kuhn & R. Siegler (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition. Perception and language (5th ed. 951-898). New York: Wiley.

Ghasemi N A; Kajbaf, MB; & Rabiei, M. (2011).Efficacy of life quality-oriented group treatment on mental well-being and health. Clinical psychology quarterly. 2(3),13-21.. (In Persian).

Gupta, G. Bakhshi, A. Dogra, P & Kumar, K. (2009). Effect of gender and creativity on mental health of adolescents. Social Science Research Network. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1411770.

Hakim Javadi, M; Gholamali Lavasani, M; &  Haghighat, M. (2011). Metacognition, Anxiety and Depression among Mothers of Deaf and Normal Preschool and Elementary Students, Advances in Cognitive Science. 13(2), 35-46. (Prsian).

Harigopal, K. (1995). Conflict Management (Managing Interpersonal Conflict). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Heidi, S. KC, Christine, D. SC, Laura, M. GC, Calvin, J. HC, & Curt, A. S. (2014). Pregnancy anxiety and prenatal cortisol trajectories. Biological Psychology. (100), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.04.003.

Homan HA. (1999). [Psychometric properties of general health questionnaire on student of Tarbiat Moallem University]. Student counseling Tehran University research. 12-5. (In Persian).

Jagger, C. (2001). Mental health indicators in Europe international seminar on the measurement of disability. New York.

Kadivar, P. (2004). Educational Psychology. Tehran, SAMT Publication, 8th edition. (In Persian).

Khosravani, S. (2005). Relationship among creativity and five factors of personality Health and Mental Health. M.A thesis, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran. (In Persian).

Kinney, D. K; Munir, K. M; Crowley, D. J; & Miller, A. M. (2008). Prenatal stress and risk for autism. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 32(8), 1519-1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.06.004.

Livingston, J. A. (1997). Metacognition: An overview. Journal of Reading.Vol 5. 110-123.

Mohammad Amini, Z. (2007). Studying the relationship among Metacognitive Beliefs, Mental health and Academic Achievement among Oshnaviyeh boy students, Journal of Educational Innovations. 19(6), 141-154. (In Persian).

Noorbala AA, Bagheri Yazdi SA, Yasamy MT, Mohammad K. (2004). Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 184(1), 70-73. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.1.70.

O'Connor, T.G;Ben Shlomo, Y; Heron, J; Golding, J; Adams, D; & Glover, V. (2005). Prenatal anxiety predicts individual differences in cortisol in pre-adolescent children. Biological Psychiatry. 58 (3), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.032.

O'Connor, T. G; Heron, J; Golding, J; Beveridge, M; & Glover, V. (2002). Matranal antenatal anxiety and children’ s behavioral/emotional problems at 4 years: Report from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. British Journal of Psychiatry. 180(6), 502-508. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.6.502.

Okeane,V. (2000). Evolving model of depression as an expression of multiple interacting risk factors. Brithish Journal of Psychiatry. 177(6), 482-483. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.6.482.

Onwuegbuzie, A. J; & Collins, K. M. T. (2007). A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative Report. 12(2), 281-316. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol12/iss2/9.

Papageorgiou C, Wells A. (2003). An empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 27(3), 261-73.

Pavitra, K.S. Chandrashekar, C. R & Choudhury, P (2007). Creativity and mental health: A profile of writers and musicians.Indian Journal Psychiatry. 49(1), 34-43. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.31516.

Pir Khaleghi, A. (2012). the relationship between metacognitive components of creativity and Mental health in students, two research and scientific journals of social cognition. 1(2), 101-112. (In Persian).

Pournamdarian, S. (2012). The Clarification of Contribution of Meta-Cognitive BelieFs in Explaining the Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Nurses. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 13(3), 86-94. (In Persian).

Pournamdarian, S; Bishak, B; & Asgharnejad Farid, A. (2011). Explaining Role of Metacognitive Beliefs in Prediction of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptoms in Nurses, Research and Knowledge in Applied Psychology. 3(3), (frequently 49), 86-94. (In Persian).

Saeed, O; Purehsan, S; Akbari, S. (2010). "Correlation among meta cognitive beliefs and anxiety-depression symptoms". Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. (5), 1685-1689. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.346.

Sapington, A. (2000). Mental Health. translated by Hussein Shahi, H. Tehran, Metacognition Publication. (In Persian).

Salehi, S; Mousavi, S. A. M; Yarichlou, M. E; & Ghafele Bashi, S. H. (2015). Studying Metacognitive Beliefs and Personality Traits of Obsession Patients. Journal of Medical Sciences University of Sabzevar. 23(1), 21-30. (In Persian).

Seligman, M. E. P; & Csikszentmihalyi. (2000). M.Positivepsychology: An introduction. American Psychologist. (55), 5-14.

Swanson, C. (1990). What is metacognition? Journal of Educational Psycholog. (211), 114-123.

Shahhosseini Z, Abedian K, Azimi H. (2008). Role of anxiety during pregnancy in preterm delivery. Article in Persian. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 16(63), 85-92. (In Persian). http://zums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-634-en.html.

Solchany, J. E. (2000). Promoting maternal mental health during pregnancy: Theory, practice & intervention. Washington: NCAST Publication.

Taghavi M. (2001). [Investigating reliability and validity of general health questionnaire]. Journal of psychology. (20), 381-98. (In Persian)

Urizar GG Jr, Munoz RF. (2011). Impact of a prenatal cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention on salivary cortisol levels in low-income mothers and their infants. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36(10), 1480- 1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.04.002.

Vandenberg, B.R; Mulder, E. J; Mennes, M; & Glover,V. (2005). Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: Links and possible mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 29(2), 237-258.

Vollrath, M.E. (2006). Handbook of personality and health. John wiley and sons. LTD.

Wells A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. 1 st ed. Chichester: Wiley and sons: 14-54.

Yilmaz, E.A; Gencoze, T; & Wells, A. (2011) The temporal precedence of metacognition in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms in the context oflifestress: A prospective study. Journal of Anxiety Disorder. 25(3), 389-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.001.

Zohar, A. (1999). Teachers Metacognitive knowledge and the inStruction of Higher Order Thinking, Teaching and Teacher Education. (15), 413-429.