Prediction of latent Relational aggression based on the dark triad personality with the mediating role of shame and rejection sensitivity in a group of Iranian women

Faezeh Peimanpak ¹ ( PhD Student in Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding author) [e-mail] )
رویا رسولی ² ( Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran. )
sara karimi ³ ( PhD Student in Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran )

Submited date : 2023-01-13 Accepted date : 2023-03-12

Keywords: Dark Personality Traits, Shame, Rejection Sensitivity, Latent Relational Aggression, Women.,

Abstract :

Purpose: The present study aimed to predict latent marital aggression based on Machiavellianism, anti-socialism and narcissism with the mediating role of shame and rejection sensitivity in a group of Iranian women. Method: 307 married women of Tehran city were selected by voluntary sampling method and were answered to the Couples Relational Aggression and Victimization Scale (Nelson & Carroll, 2006), the Short Version of Dark Triad Personality Traits (Paulhus & Jones, 2014), The Test of Self-Conscious Affect (Tangney, 1996) and Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Downey & Feldman, 1996) through an online survey. The research method was correlational, structural equation modeling type and the data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 software. Findings: The findings of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between Machiavellianism with rejection sensitivity, shame with the dimensions of latent marital aggression including love withdrawal and social sabotage, but there is no significant relationship between narcissistic personality and rejection sensitivity, shame, love withdrawal and social sabotage. Anti-socialism had a positive and significant relationship with rejection sensitivity, shame and social sabotage; but it was not related to love withdrawal. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between rejection sensitivity and shame with love withdrawal and social sabotage. The findings of structural equation modeling showed that Machiavellianism, anti-socialism, rejection sensitivity and shame positively predict love withdrawal and social sabotage. Narcissism has no direct or indirect effect on love withdrawal and social sabotage. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the mediating role of rejection sensitivity and shame in the relationship between Machiavellianism and anti-socialism with love withdrawal and social sabotage among women Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that women's rejection sensitivity and shame in relation to dark triad personality traits of Machiavellian and antisocial personality are related to latent marital aggression. Conflict of interest: According to the author of this article, there has been no conflict of interest.

References:

امیری، سهراب و یعقوبی، ابوالقاسم (1395). ارزیابی ویژگی¬های روان¬سنجی مقیاس سه¬گانه تاریک شخصیت. پژوهش¬های روان¬شناسی بالینی و مشاوره، 6 (1)، 77-97.
انوشه¬ای، مریم؛ پور شهریاری، مه سیما و ثنایی ذاکر، باقر (1385). بررسی رابطۀ بین ادراک دختران از الگوهای تربیتی والدینشان بااحساس شرم و گناه در آنها. تازه¬ها و پژوهش¬های مشاوره، 7 (27)، 7-26.
بشر پور، سجاد؛ عبادی، متینه و نریمانی، محمد (1400). نقش میانجی حساسیت به طرد در رابطه بین صفات تاریک شخصیت و آشفتگی زناشویی، فصلنامه مددکاری اجتماعی، 10 (36)، 5-15.
خزایی، سمانه؛ نوابی نژاد، شکوه؛ ولی اله، فرزاد و زهراکار، کیانوش (1395). بررسی ویژگی¬های روان‌سنجی مقیاس پرخاشگری پنهان ارتباطی، پژوهش در سلامت روان‌شناختی، 2 (10)، 75-87.
زارعی، سلمان؛ فرح‌بخش، کیومرث و اسماعیلی، معصومه (1390). تعیین سهم خود متمایزسازی، اعتماد، شرم و گناه در پیش¬بینی سازگاری زناشویی، دانش و پژوهش در روان‌شناسی کاربردی، 3 (45)، 51-63.
کرملو، سمیرا؛ متقی¬پور، یاسمن؛ برجعلی، احمد؛ صادقی، منصوره سادات و خانی پور، حمید (1395). عوامل مؤثر بر تجربه شرم در خانواده‌های بیماران با اختلال روان‌پزشکی: نقش انگ، حساسیت به طرد و ارزیابی شناختی، فصلنامه مطالعات روان‌شناسی بالینی، 6 23، 25-39.
یوسفی، رحیم و پیری، فائزه (1395). ویژگی¬های روان¬سنجی نسخه فارسی پرسش‌نامه دوجین کثیف، مجله روانپزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران، 22 (3)، 67-76.
Abrams, J. (2009). What's Reality Got to Do with It? : Projective Processes in Adult Intimate Relationships. Psychoanalytic Social Work, 16(2), 126-138.
Aizpitarte, A., Atherton, O. E., Zheng, L. R., Alonso‐Arbiol, I., & Robins, R. W. (2019). Developmental precursors of relational aggression from late childhood through adolescence. Child development, 90(1), 117-126.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2006). Amos (version 7.0) [computer program]. Chicago: SpSS.
Benjamin Jr, A. (2015). Definition of aggression. Encyclopedia of mental health, 1(2), 33-39.
Berenson KR, Gyurak A, Ayduk Ö, Downey G, Garner MJ, Mogg K, et al. Rejection sensitivity and disruption of attention by social threat cues. Journal of Research in Personality. 2009; 43[6]: 1064-72.
Broekhof, E., Bos, M. G., & Rieffe, C. (2021). The roles of shame and guilt in the development of aggression in adolescents with and without hearing loss. Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 49(7), 891-904.
Carpenter, T. P., Tignor, S. M., Tsang, J.-A., & Willett, A. (2016). Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt-and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 53-61.
Carroll, J. S., Nelson, D. A., Yorgason, J. B., Harper, J. M., Ashton, R. H., & Jensen, A. C. (2010). Relational aggression in marriage. Aggressive Behavior, 36(5), 315-329.
Chester, D. S., & DeWall, C. N. (2017). Combating the sting of rejection with the pleasure of revenge: A new look at how emotion shapes aggression. Journal of personality and social psychology, 112(3), 413.
Chester, D. S., Lynam, D. R., Milich, R., & DeWall, C. N. (2018). Neural mechanisms of the rejection–aggression link. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 13(5), 501-512.
Clifford, C. E. (2013). Attachment and covert relational aggression in marriage with shame as a potential moderating variable: A two wave panel study: Brigham Young University.
Coyne, S. M., Ehrenreich, S. E., Holmgren, H. G., & Underwood, M. K. (2019). “We're not gonna be friends anymore”: Associations between viewing relational aggression on television and relational aggression in text messaging during adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 45(3), 319-326.
Cramer, C. M. (2015). Relational aggression/victimization and depression in married couples: Brigham Young University.
Curtis, D. S., Epstein, N. B., & Wheeler, B. (2017). Relationship satisfaction mediates the link between partner aggression and relationship dissolution: The importance of considering severity. Journal of interpersonal violence, 32(8), 1187-1208.
de Hooge, I. E., Mohiyeddini, C., Eysenck, M., & Bauer, S. (2013). Moral emotions and prosocial behaviour: It may be time to change our view of shame and guilt. Handbook of psychology of emotions: Recent theoretical perspectives and novel empirical findings, 2, 255-276.
Dolezal, L. (2022). Shame anxiety, stigma and clinical encounters. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of personality and social psychology, 70(6), 1327.
Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2011). Perfectionism as a transdiagnostic process: A clinical review. Clinical psychology review, 31(2), 203-212.
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, Regulation, and Moral Development. Annual review of psychology, 51, 665-697. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665
Ferguson, T. J., Eyre, H. L., & Ashbaker, M. (2000). Unwanted identities: A key variable in shame–anger links and gender differences in shame. Sex Roles, 42(3), 133-157.
Ferreiros, L., & Clemente, M. (2022). Dark personality and intimate partner relationships in young adults. Acta psychologica, 225, 103549.
Frankel, L., Umemura, T., Jacobvitz, D., & Hazen, N. (2015). Marital conflict and parental responses to infant negative emotions: Relations with toddler negative affectivity. Infant and Behavior Development.
Gao, S., Assink, M., Liu, T., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2021). Associations between rejection sensitivity, aggression, and victimization: A meta-analytic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(1), 125-135.
Gogoriță, C. (2019). Dark triad of personality and aggression in adolescents and young people. Studia Doctoralia, 10(2), 102-113.
Greitemeyer, T. (2022). The dark side of sports: Personality, values, and athletic aggression. Acta psychologica, 223, 103500.
Jones, D. N., & Neria, A. L. (2015). The Dark Triad and dispositional aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 360-364.
Kokolvand, M., & Zeini Hasanvand, N. (2015). The relationship between attachment styles and marital adjustment in teacher couples in city of Khorramabad. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5, 451-455.
Lawrence, E., Yoon, J., Langer, A., & Ro, E. (2009). Is psychological aggression as detrimental as physical aggression? The independent effects of psychological aggression on depression and anxiety symptoms. Violence and victims, 24(1), 20-35.
Leary, M. R. (2022). Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.
Lesnick, J., & Mendle, J. (2021). Rejection sensitivity and negative urgency: A proposed framework of intersecting risk for peer stress. Developmental Review, 62, 100998.
Li, C., Zhao, Q., Dai, W., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Victims become covert aggressors: gender differences in the mediating effects of rumination on anger and sadness. The Journal of Psychology, 155(4), 441-456.
Maiolatesi, A. J., Clark, K. A., & Pachankis, J. E. (2022). Rejection sensitivity across sex, sexual orientation, and age: Measurement invariance and latent mean differences. Psychological Assessment.
Marston, E. G., Hare, A., & Allen, J. P. (2010). Rejection sensitivity in late adolescence: Social and emotional sequelae. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(4), 959-982.
Mitchell, J., Wight, M., Van Heerden, A., & Rochat, T. J. (2016). Intimate partner violence, HIV, and mental health: a triple epidemic of global proportions. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(5), 452-463.
Muris, P., & Meesters, C. (2013). Small or Big in the Eyes of the Other: On the Developmental Psychopathology of Self-Conscious Emotions as Shame, Guilt, and Pride. Clinical child and family psychology review, 17. doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0137-z
Nelson, D., & Carroll, J. (2006). Couples relational aggression and victimization scale (CRAViS). Provo, UT: RELATE Institute.
Neumann, C. S., & Pardini, D. (2014). Factor structure and construct validity of the Self-Report Psychopathy (SRP) Scale and the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) in young men. Journal of personality disorders, 28(3), 419.
Nikolić, M., Hannigan, L. J., Krebs, G., Sterne, A., Gregory, A. M., & Eley, T. C. (2022). Aetiology of shame and its association with adolescent depression and anxiety: results from a prospective twin and sibling study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(1), 99-108.
Oka, M., Brown, C. C., & Miller, R. B. (2016). Attachment and relational aggression: Power as a mediating variable. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 44(1), 24-35.
Olthof, T. (2012). Anticipated feelings of guilt and shame as predictors of early adolescents' antisocial and prosocial interpersonal behaviour. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(3), 371-388.
Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and psychopathology, 21(3), 913-938.
Paulhus, D., & Williams, K. (2002). The Dark Triad of Personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy. Journal of research in personality, 36, 556-563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Chapter 20 - Measures of Dark Personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs (pp. 562-594). San Diego: Academic Press.
Perez, G. R., Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., Laifer, L. M., & Brock, R. L. (2022). Psychological and physical intimate partner aggression are associated with broad and specific internalizing symptoms during pregnancy. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(3), 1662.
Porter, A. C., Zelkowitz, R. L., & Cole, D. A. (2018). The unique associations of self-criticism and shame-proneness to symptoms of disordered eating and depression. Eating behaviors, 29, 64-67.
Prinstein, M. J., & Giletta, M. (2016). Peer relations and developmental psychopathology.
Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2013). The perceived attractiveness and traits of the Dark Triad: Narcissists are perceived as hot, Machiavellians and psychopaths not. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 582-586.
Renshaw, K. D., Blais, R. K., & Smith, T. W. (2010). Components of negative affectivity and marital satisfaction: The importance of actor and partner anger. Journal of research in personality, 44(3), 328-334.
Ritter, K., Vater, A., Rüsch, N., Schröder-Abé, M., Schütz, A., Fydrich, T., . . . Roepke, S. (2014). Shame in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry research, 215(2), 429-437.
Romero‐Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection–hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of personality, 78(1), 119-148.
Rudolph, K. D., Lansford, J. E., & Rodkin, P. C. (2016). Interpersonal theories of developmental psychopathology.
Silvers, J. A., McRae, K., Gabrieli, J. D., Gross, J. J., Remy, K. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012). Age-related differences in emotional reactivity, regulation, and rejection sensitivity in adolescence. Emotion, 12(6), 1235.
Soper, D. S. (2020). A-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models [Software].
Tabachnick, B. (2012). ve Fidell, LS (2013). Using multivariate statistics.
Tangney, J., & Dearing, R. (2002). Shame, guilt, and psychopathology. Shame and guilt, 112-129.
Tangney, J. P. (1998). How does guilt differ from shame? Guilt and children (pp. 1-17): Elsevier.
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). " Putting the Self Into Self-Conscious Emotions: A Theoretical Model". Psychological inquiry, 15(2), 103-125.
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007). The nature of pride. The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research, 263-282.
Young, C. M., Neighbors, C., Dibello, A. M., Traylor, Z. K., & Tomkins, M. (2016). Shame and guilt-proneness as mediators of associations between general causality orientations and depressive symptoms. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 35(5), 357.
Zeigler-Hill, V., Marcus, D. K., & Association, A. P. (2016). The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology: JSTOR.
Zhang, H., & Tsang, S. K. M. (2012). Wives’ relative income and marital quality in urban China: The role of perceived equity. Social Justice Research, 25(4), 406-420.
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Nesdale, D., Fersterer, J., & Wilson, J. (2014). An experimental manipulation of rejection: Effects on children's attitudes and mood depend on rejection sensitivity and relationship history. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(1), 8-17.