The Mediating role of self- differentiation and forgiveness in the Relationship between Psychological capital and life Satisfaction in married Women.

roghieh haji rostamloo ¹ ( PhD student in Psychology, Department of Psychology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran )
abdolhassan farhangi ² ( Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (corresponding author) [e-mail] )
Reza Hosseinpour ³ ( Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Social and Cultural Sciences, Imam Hossein University )

Submited date : 2022-10-31 Accepted date : 2023-02-14

Keywords: life satisfaction, psychological capital, self-differentiation, interpersonal forgiveness,

Abstract :

Life satisfaction is one of the most important factors of well-being and mental health, Has received special attention from positive psychology in recent decades The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of self-differentiation and forgiveness in the relationship between psychological capital and life satisfaction in married women. This research was descriptive and correlational. Its statistical population included 798 married women in Tehran city, who were selected by multi-stage sampling method. The research instruments included Diener's (1985) life satisfaction questionnaires, Luthans and Morgan's (2007) psychological capitals, Drake's individual differentiation (2011) and interpersonal forgiveness by Ehtshamzadeh et al. (2011). Structural equation method and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. The results showed that psychological capital, self-differentiation and interpersonal forgiveness directly had a significant effect on life satisfaction (P < 0.05). In addition, these psychological capitals had an effect on life satisfaction indirectly and through the mediation of interpersonal forgiveness and self- differentiation (P < 0.05). The findings of this study can be used to create a solution to reduce the destructive effects of not being satisfied with life in married women.

References:

Ahmadi Ardakani, Z., & Fatemi Oghada, N. (2019). Examining the model of relationship between attachment styles and marital satisfaction: the mediating roles of forgiveness and empathy. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of medical sciences, 62,1,15-25. (In Persian)
Alonso, M M., Oliver, J., & Berastegui, A. (2022). Differentiation of self and its relationship with marital satisfaction, and parenting styles in a spanish sample of adolescents parents. PLOS ONE, 17, 3, e0265436. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265436
Ayten, A., &Karagoz, S. (2021). Religiosity, spirituality, forgiveness, religious coping as predictors of life satisfaction and generalized anxiety: a quantitative study on Turkish Muslim university students. Spiritual psychology and counseling, 6(1), 47-58.
Aziz, I A., & Yildirim, M. (2019). Investigating relationship between psychological trait resilience and forgiveness among internally displaced persons. Psychology, community & health, 8(1), 263-274.
Behjati Najafabadi, R. (2020). The effect of self- differentiation training on attachment styles and self-esteem in married women. Journal of practice in clinical psychology, 8(3), 193-202.
Bintamur, F D. (2019). The association between forgiveness and life satisfaction. PLOS ONE, 13(2), 174-180.
Calatrava, M., Martins, M., Scheweer- Collins, M., Duch-Ceballos, C., & Rodriguez-Gonzales, M. (2022). Differentiation of self: a scoping review of Bowen family systems theory’s core construct. Clinical psychology review, 91, 102101
Chen, W Y., Wang, M L., & Wu, C M. (2017). The mediating influence of self-efficacy in the relationship attachment style and life satisfaction. Com Manage Quart. 18,101–21. Available online at: http://www.cabmt.org.tw/uploads/upload/ada8aaa 7da9f 94 74 25 516 ac185a8eaca.pdf
Chin, C H., Wong, W M., Ngian, E T., & Langet, C. (2022). Does environmental stimulus matters to tourist’s satisfaction and revisit intention: a study on rural tourism destinations in Sarawak, Malaysia. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geo sites. 42(2): 683-692. DOI 10.30892/gtg.422sp106-877.
Ehteshamzadeh, P., Ahadi, H., Enayati, M S., Heidari, A. (2011). Construct and validate a scale for measuring interpersonal forgiveness, suitable for Iranian SICIO-cultural features. Iranian Journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology. 16,4,443-455. (In Persian).
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment. 49, 71-75. https://doi/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
Diener E. (2009). Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities. In: Diener E., editor. Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener. Springer; Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 25–65.
Dirzyte, A.,& Patapas, A. (2022). positive organizational practices, life satisfaction, and psychological capital in the public and private sectors. Sustainability. 14, 1, 488 -515
Donovan, L. A. N., & Priester, J. R. (2020). Exploring the Psychological Processes That Underlie Interpersonal Forgiveness: Replication and Extension of the Model of Motivated Interpersonal Forgiveness. Front Psychol. 2020; 11: Published online 2020 Oct 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02107. PMCID: PMC7578384
Dolz-del-Castellar, B., & Oliver, J. (2021). Relationship between family functioning, differentiation of self and anxiety in Spanish young adults. PLOS ONE,16,3, doi.org/10.1371/ journal PONE. 0246875.
Drake, J.R. (2011). Differentiation od self-inventory –short form: creation and initial evidence of construct validity. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Missouri, Kansas City.
Fakhari, N., Latifian, M., & Etemad, J. (2014). A study of psychometric properties of the executive skills scale in Iranian students. Educational measurement, 15(5), 35-57. (In Persian).
Guo, X., Huang, J., Yang, Y. (2022). The Association between Differentiation of Self and Life Satisfaction among Chinese Emerging Adults: The Mediating Effect of Hope and Coping Strategies and the Moderating Effect of Child Maltreatment History. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 19, 7106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph19127106

Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L. & Kuppelwieser, V.G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): an emerging tool in business research, European Business Review. 26, 2, 106-121.
Kami H, Ferreira M C, Valentini F, Prieto Peres M F, Kami P T, & Damasi B F.(2018). Psychological capital questionnaire-short Version (PCQ-12): Evidence of validity of the Brazilian Version. Psico-USF, Braganca. 23(2): 203-214.
Kravchuk, S. (2021). The relationship between Psychological capital, resilience and tendency to forgiveness. Academic Journal of interdisciplinary studies. 10,1. 11-21.
Kim, D.H. (2019). “How do you feel about a disease?” The effect of psychological distance towards a disease on health communication. International Journal of Advertising.38(1), 139–153.
Kim, J J., Payene, E S., & Tracy, E L. (2022). Indirect effects of forgiveness on psychological health through anger and hope: a parallel mediation analysis. Journal of religion and health, 61, 3729-3746.
Kline, R.B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 4th ed., New York, NY: The Guilford press
Lin, LC., Lee. CW., Hung, HC., & Shih, N M. (2018). The influence of people’s cultural activities participation and sense of gain on life satisfaction. Leis Soc Res. 17, 75-84. Available on line at: http://lawdata.com.tw/tw/detail.aspx?no=336194
Luthans, F. (2012). Psychological capital: Implications for HRD, retrospective analysis, and future directions. Human Resource Development. Quarterly.23(1),1-8
Luthans, F. & Broad, J D. (2022). Positive psychological capital to help combat the mental health fallout from the pandemic and VUCA environment. Organizational Dynamics, 51(2): 100817.
MamSharifi ,P., Akbari Bejandi, N., & Asadi, N. (2020). Internet addiction prediction modeling based on quality of life and life satisfaction: the mediating role of stress coping strategies. Journal of Psychological Science. 19(89): 541-551. (In Persian).
Marquez. J., Inchley, J., & Long, E. (2022). Cross-country an dgender differences in factors associated with population-level declines in adolescent life satisfaction. Child indicators research, 15, 1405-1428.
Miao H., Sun H., He X., Zhang Z., Nie Q., & Guo C. (2020). Perceived Social Support and Life Satisfaction among Young Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Psychological Suzhi and Its Components. Curr. Psychol. 2020 doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01130-3
Mohammadi, M., Farid Afshar, A.(2019). Development of psychological capital with emphasis on the component of forgiveness in Nahj al- Balagheh. Scientific Journal Pazhuohesh Nameh-E Akhlagh, 12(45), 19-32. [in Persian]
Park, S., & Sok, SR. (2020). Relation modeling of factors influencing life satisfaction and adaptation of Korean older adults in long-term care facilities. Int J Environ Res Public Heal. 17:317. 10.3390/ijerph17010317.
Peixoto- Freitas, J., Rodriguez- Gonzalez, M., Crabtree, S. A., & Martins, M. V. (2020). differentiation of self, couple adjustment and family life cycle: a cross-sectional study. American Journal of family therapy, 48(4), 299-319
Pramanik, S., & Biswal, S.(2020). Ageism, psychological capital and life satisfaction: a study on elderly women. The international journal of Indian psychology, 8(2), 1217-1225.
Pour Hossein, R. Ehsani, S., Ensani, N., & Nabizadeh,R.(2019). Investigating the relationship between the fulfillment of basic psychological needs and life satisfaction: the mediating role of achievement motivation and psychological capital. Quarterly of educational psychology Allameh Tabatabai University, 14, 50,71-87.
Povedano-Diaz, A., Muñiz-Rivas, M., & Vera-Perea, M. (2020). Adolescents' life satisfaction: the role of classroom, family, self-concept and gender. Int J Environ Res Public Heal. 10.3390 / ijerph17010019
Preira, M G., Fontes, L., Vilaca, M., Fincham, F., Costa,E., Machado, J C., & Taysi, E.(2022). Communication, forgiveness and morbidity in young adults involved in a romantic relationship. International journal of psychological therapy. 22, 2, 165-175
Prendergast, L. E., Toumbourou, J. W., McMorris, B. J., & Catalano, R. F. (2019). Outcomes of early adolescent sexual behavior in Australia: Longitudinal findings in young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4), 516-522
Pizarro-Roiz, J P., Ordonez-Camblor, N., Del-Lbano, M., & Escolar-LLamazares, M-C. (2021). Influence on Forgiveness, Character Strengths and Satisfaction with Life of a Short Mindfulness Intervention via a Spanish Smartphone Application, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18020802
Puspasari, DW., Afriyeni, N., Rahma. Y D., Yuni, N C.,& Azizah, N.(2022). Positive psychology in prison: prisoners happy review from self forgiviness and hope. Budapest international research and critics Institute-Journal(BIRCI-Journal), 5,2, 8870-8881.
Rahmandani, A., & Franz La Kahja, Y. (2020). Forgiveness, hope, and life satisfaction amoung seior high school students viewed from family-related characteristics in Indonesia.advances in social science, education and humanities research, 452, 180-185.

Rowshani, Sh., Tafte, M., & Khosravi, Z. (2019). Meta-analysis of divorce research in Iran in the last two decades (1998-2018) to reduce divorce and its negative consequences for women and children. Women-in-Development-and-politics.17(4): 653-674. (In Persian).
Roshanzamir-Nikou, S., & Abdullah pour, M A. (2022). Investigate the relationship between successful intelligence and differentiation of self with life satisfaction. Education strategies in medical sciences(ESMS), 15,1, 28-37(In Persian)
Sadeghi, M., Barahmand, U., & Roshannia, S. (2020). Differentiation of self and hope mediated by resilience: Gender differences. Canadian journal of family and youth, 12(1), 20-43
Saporovskaia, M.V., Kryukova,T.L., Voronina, M.E., Tikhomirova, E.V., Samokhvalova, A. G., & Khazova, S.A.(2021). A decrease in psycho-emotional healthe in Middle-aged Russian women associated with their life style. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18(2): 388. doi: 10.3390/ ijerp h 18020388
Sharifi, M., Asghari Ebrahimabad, M J., & Salayani, F.(2020). Investigating the role of self-differentiation in predicting communication patterns: the mediating role of psychological capitals. Journal of throught & Behavior in Clinical psychology, 14(54), 57-70. (In Persian).
Stepler, R. (0217). Led by Baby Boomers, divorce rates climb for America’s 50+ population. Washington, DC: Fact Tank: Pew Research Center. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 67, 6:731-741.
Taheri, F. (2020). Work-family enrichment and psychological capital:investigation of the mediating role of stress vulnerability. Majallah-i Danishgah-I Ulum-I Pizishki-I Qum (Qom Univ Med Sci J), 14,5, 69-78(In Persian)
Tenenhaus, M., Esposito Vinzi, V., Chatelin, Y.-M.& Lauro, C. (2005), “PLS path modeling”, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 159-205
Zang, F., Yin, SH., Kong, M., & Cai, Q. (2022). The influence of parents’ marriage relationship on the positive psychological capital college students the mediation role of life satisfaction. Social science and education research, 5, 2, 175-182.
Zou T, Su Y, & Wang Y. (2018). Examining relationships between social capital, emotion experience and life satisfaction for sustainable community. Sustain. 10:2651 10.3390 /su1 00 82 651
Zyberaj, J., Seible, S., Schowalter, A., Potz, L., Richter-Killenberg, S., & Volmer, J. (2022). Developing sustainable careers during a pandemic: the role of psychological capital and career adaptability. Sustainability, 14, 5,3105, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053105