Effectiveness of Child- Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) on Parenting Stress and Child- Parent Relationship of Mothers of Children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

Subject Areas : Psychology

Mohammad Narimani ¹ (Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Department of psychology, Ardabil, Iran.)
Sara Taghizadeh hir ² (Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Department of psychology, Ardabil, Iran.)

Received: 2021-02-07 Accepted : 2021-05-10 Published : 2021-06-22

Keywords: parenting stress, Child-parent relation therapy, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, child-parent relationship,

Abstract :

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of child-parent relation therapy on parenting stress and child- parent relationship of mothers of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. The statistical population was whole mothers of the children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder who referred to the psychological clinic in Ardebil city whom 30 of them were selected using convenience sampling method and assigned randomly in experimental (n=15) and control group (n=15). The research was quasi-experimental study, included pretest, posttest and follow-up with control group. Subjects were measured by Abidin Parenting Stress Index- short form (1983) and Pianta Child-Parent Relationship Scale (1994). The experimental group participated in 10 sessions (60 minutes) of parent – child relationship therapy and the control group didn’t receive any intervention. Follow up was done after a month and a half. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results indicated that child- parent relationship therapy (CPRT) made a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their means scores in parenting stress and child- parent relationship (p < 0/05). The results showed that therapy based on the parent-child relationship could be considered as an effective way to reduce parenting stress and promote the parent-child relationship of mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. This finding should be used to treat mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. The results were persistent during the follow up.

References:

Abareshi, Z., Tahmasian, K., Mazaheri, M.A., & Panaghi, L. (2009). The impact of psychosocial Child Development training program, done through improvement of mother-child interaction, on parental self-efficacy and relationship between mother and child under three. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 3(3), 49-58. URL: http://rph.khu.ac.ir/article-1-115-fa.html

Amir, F., Hasan Abadi, H., Asghari Nekah, M., & Tabibi, Z. (2011). The present study investigated the effects of play therapy based on child parent relationship therapy on improving the parenting styles, Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 2(1), 389-473. [Persian] 20.1001.1.22516654.1391.2.1.4.9

Abidin, R. R. (1983). Parenting Stress Index: Manual, Administration Bookletand Research Update. Washington, D. C. Pediatric Psychology Press. Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED238896

Azizi, A., Karimipoor, B. A., Rahmani, S., & Veisi, F. (2016). Comparing the Efficacy of Child-Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) and Family-Focused Therapy (FFT) on Function of Families with Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Journal of Child Mental Health, 3(2), 9-20. [Persian] URL: http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-131-fa.html

Azizi, A., Fatehizadeh, M., Ahmadi, A., & Jazayeri, R. (2018). Effect of child-parent relationship therapy on parenting stress and empowerment of parents with children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder.  Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 8(1), 27-46. [Persian] http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1547294448-10113-25-2.pdf

Barkley, R. (2013). Taking Charge of ADHD. The Complete, Authoritative Guide for Parents. New York: Guilford Press. https://www.amazon.com/Taking-Charge-ADHD-Third-Authoritative/dp/1462507891

Bahmani, M., & Jahan bakhshi, Z. (2020). Effectiveness of parent-child relationship play therapy program (CPRT) on the quality of parent-child interaction and reduce aggression in preschool children. Culture of Counseling Quarterly and Psychology, 11(44), 131-156. [Persian] DOI: 10.22054/QCCPC.2020.51244.2358

Bratton, S.C., & Landreth, G.L. (2006). Child parent relationship therapy (CPRT) treatment manual: A 10-session filial therapy model for training parents. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203956793

Carnes-Holt, K. (2012). Child–parent relationship therapy for adoptive families. The Family Journal, 20(4), 419-426. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-25245-011

Chronis-Tuscanon, A., Wang, C. H., Woods, K. E., Strickland, J., & Stein, M. A. (2017). Parent ADHD and evidence-based treatment for their children: review and directions for future research. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 45(3), 17-501. DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0238-5

Dirks, E., Uilenburg, N., & Rieffe, C. (2016). Parental stress among parents of toddlers with moderate hearing loss Evelien. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 55(1), 27–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.008

Walerius, D, M., Fogleman, N. D., & Rosen, P. J. (2016). The Role of ADHD and Negative Emotional Lability in Predicting Changes in Parenting Daily Hassles. Journal of Child and family Studies, 25(7), 2279- 2291. DOI:10.1007/s10826-016-0381-1

Ershad Sarabi, R., Hashemi Razini, H., & Abdollahi, M.H. (2018). Comparing Parental Stress, Parenting Styles, and Social Problem Solving in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, and Typically Developing Children. Journal of Child Mental Health, 4(4), 165-179. [Persian] URL: http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-280-fa.html

Fadaei, Z., Dehghani, M., Tahmasian, K., & Farhadi, F. (2011). Investigating reliability, validity and factor structure of parenting stress- short form in mothers of 7-12 year-old children. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 8(2), 83-93. URL: http://rbs.mui.ac.ir/article-1-171-fa.html

Fox, R. A., Gresel, B. L., Love, J. R., & Rosenwald, M.M. (2017). Early pathways: Home based mental health services for very young children in poverty (2^nd Ed.). Wisconsin: Marquette University Press.

Karimi Ivanaki, M., Seyed Mousavi, P., & Tahmasian, K. (2018). The Effectiveness of Parent-Child Relationship therapy on Self-Efficacy and Mother-Child Relationship. Developmental Psychology, 15(60), 391-402. [Persian] http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1581768154-10219-60-5.pdf

Khan Mohamammadi, Z., Bazzazian, S., Amiri Majd, M., & Ghamari, M. (2018). Predicting emotional divorce based on psychological basic needs, marital expectations and family function. Journal of family psychology, 5(1), 17-30. [Persian] URL: http://ijfp.ir/article-1-399-fa.html

Kidron, M., & Landreth, G. (2010). Intensive child parent Relationship therapy with Israeli parents in Israel. International Journal of Play Therapy, 19(2), 64-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017516

Landreth, G. L., & Bratton, S. C. (2019). Child parent relationship therapy (CPRT): A ten session filial therapy model. New York: Routledge.

Lee, S.J., Gopalan, G., & Harrington, D. (2014). Validation of the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form with minority caregivers. Research on social work practice, 26(4), 429-440. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315537986/child-parent-relationship-therapy-cprt-treatment-manual-sue-bratton-garry-landreth

Lifford, K.J., Harold, G.T., & Thapar, A. (2008). Parent-child relationships and ADHD symptoms: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(2), 285-96. DOI: 10.1007/s10802-007-9177-5

Mofrad, F. (2009). Investigating the relationship between mother-child relationship with functional emotional development and functional language development in preschool children of Mashhad. (Master Thesis). Ferdosi University of Mashhad. [Persian]

Mousavi, R., Jamali, A., Nejati, A., & Sharifi, A. (2016). The Effectiveness of group interventions based on parent-child relationship on mothers parenting children (ages 8-11) with ADHD. Rooyesh, 5(2), 115-146. [Persian] URL: http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-285-fa.html

 Mostafavi, S.S., Shaeiri, M.R., Asghari Moghadam, M.A & Mahmoodi Gharaei, J. (2011). Effectivness of educating play therapy based on child parent relationship therapy (cprt) according landreth model to mothers on reducing child behavioral problems, Clinical psychology & personality, 19(7), 33-42.

Pawlus, B. (2016). Shame of having a disabled child. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland: 1960), 69(2 Pt 2), 306-313. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27487555/

Pianta, R. C. (1994). Patterns of relationships between children and kindergarden teachers. Journal of school psychology, 32(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(94)90026-4

Peasgood, T., Bhardwaj, A., Brazier, J.E., Biggs, K., Coghill, D.,… & Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S. (2020). What Is the Health and Well-Being Burden for Parents Living With a Child With ADHD in the United Kingdom? Journal of Attention Disorders, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720925899

Penuelas-Calvo, I., Palomar-Ciria, N., Porras-Segovia, A., Migueiez-Fernandez, C., Baltasar-Tello, I.,… & Baca-Garcia, E. (2021). Impact of ADHD symptoms on family functioning, family burden and parents' quality of life in a hospital area in Spain. European Journal of Psychiatry, 35(3), 166-172. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8013073

Pruitt, M. M., Willis, K., Timmons, L., & Ekas, N.V. (2016). The impact of maternal, child, and family characteristics on the daily well-being and parenting experiences of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 20(8), 973-985. DOI:  10.1177/1362361315620409  

Rollè, L., Prino, L. E., Sechi, C., Vismara, L., Neri, E., Polizzi, C.,… & Brustia, P. (2017). Parenting stress, mental health dyadic adjustment: A structure equation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(839), 1-10. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00839

Riany, Y.E., & Ihsana, A. (2021). Parenting stress, social support, self-compassion, and parenting practices among mothers of children with ASD and ADHD. Journal Penelitian Psikologi, 6(1), 47-60. DOI : 10.21580/pjpp.v6i1.6681

Sabzian, S., Kalantary, M., & Mehrabi, H. (2015). Collaborative - Parent – Child play effectiveness in reducing attention deficit / hyperactivity symptoms in male student primary school of Isfahan. Clinical psychology studies, 5(20), 145-262. [Persian] https://jcps.atu.ac.ir/article_1871.html

Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J. T., & Leibenluft, E. (2014). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(3), 276–293. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966.

Sheykholeslami, A., Taghizadeh Hir, S., Honarmand Ghojabeyglou, P., & Moradiyan, A. (2020). Comparing the emotional well - being, marital intimacy and quality of life of mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and mothers of normal children. Journal of psychological sciences, 87(19), 329-338. [Persian] URL: http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-597-en.html

Shirazitehrani, A., & Ghatampour, E. (2016). Effectiveness of Training of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction on Psychological Well-being of ADHD Children’s Mothers. Journal of exceptional children, 16(3), 35-48. [Persian] URL: http://joec.ir/article-1-397-fa.html

Schulz-Zhecheva, Y., Voelkle, M., Beauducel, A., Buch, N., Fleis Chhaker, C., Bender, S.,… & Klein, Ch. (2017). ADHD traits in german school aged children: Validation of the german strengths and weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and normal behavior (SWANDE) scale. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(6), 553-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716676365

Sanner, C. M. & Neece, C. L. (2018). Parental Distress and Child Behavior Problems: Parenting Behaviors as Mediators. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(2), 591-601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0884-4

Timmer, S.G., Anthony, J.U., & Zebell, N. (2006). Challenging foster caregiver–maltreated child relationships: The effectiveness of parent–child interaction therapy. Children and Youth Services Review, 28(1), 1-19. DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2005.01.006

Timmer, S. (2012). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Enhancing Parent-Child Relationships on Programa para la Mejora de las Relaciones Padres-Hijos. La Terapia de Interacción Padres-Hijos. Psychosocial Intervention, 21(2), 145-156. https://pcit.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/TimmerUrquizaZebell20061.pdf

Werba, B.E., Eyberg, S.M., Boggs, S.R., & Algina, J. (2006). Predicting outcome in parent-child interaction therapy: Success and attrition. Behavior modification, 30(5), 618-46. DOI: 10.1177/0145445504272977

Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H.,… & Boyle, C. A. (2019). Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009– 2017. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20190811. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0811