Clinical and histopathological comparison of ketoprofen and midazolam as premedication in pigeon
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
hadi hajizadeh
1
,
gholamreza Abedi
2
,
ahmad asghari
3
,
saeid hesaraki
4
1 - Department of veterinary surgery, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Clinical Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Pathology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Received: 2017-12-04
Accepted : 2018-10-06
Published : 2018-10-23
Keywords:
Ketamine,
premedication,
pigeon,
Midazolam,
Ketoprofen,
Abstract :
Anesthesia in birds is associated with high risks. To resolve this problem, it is important to find a drug that is compatible with avian physiology and anatomy. This study was conducted to compare the clinical and histopathological effects of ketoprofen with midazolam as premedication in pigeons. For this purpose, twenty four male adult pigeons with the mean age of two years and weight of 300 grams were randomly divided into four groups with six individuals per group. Group I was the control group, in which the pigeons were given an intramuscular (IM) injection of ketamine 40 mg/kg body weight. Group II received IM injection of ketoprofen 50 mg/kg body weight alone. Each pigeon in group III was given an IM injection of ketoprofen at 50 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight within 5 min following the first injection. Each pigeon in group IV was given an IM injection of midazolam at 6 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight within 5 min following the first injection. In order to determine the depth of anesthesia in each group, within 5 min from the last injection, various clinical reflexes were evaluated on the body of each pigeon. Also, postmortem examinations were performed to assess the histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen and brain tissues. The results of clinical evaluation showed that there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the various clinical reflexes in group III in comparison to other groups.Significant histopathological alterations were not observed in any treatment group. Based on these result it seems that ketoprofen plus ketamine could be used as a suitable combination for anesthesia of pigeons.
References:
Awan, A.F. and Nazir, T. (2011). Studies of ketoprofen toxicity in avian species. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(2): 127-132.
Bonina, F., Puglia, C., Santagati, N.A., Saija, A., Tomaino, A. and Tita, B. (2002). Oligoethylene ester derivatives of ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac as oral prodrugs: a pharmacological evaluation. Die Pharmazie, 57(8): 552-555.
Gali, J.C. and Ventin, F.C. (2013). Dipyrone has no effects on bone healing of tibia fractures in rats. Journal of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 30(6): 82- 97.
Grisneaux, E., Pibarot, P., Dupuis, J. and Blais, D. (1999). Comparison of ketoprofen and carprofen administered prior to orthopedic surgery for control of postoperative pain in dogs. American Veterinary Medical Association, 215 (8): 1105-1109
Hadipour, M.M., Hadipourfard, M.R., Vakili, M.B., Shayanpour, N. and Azad, F. (2011). Treatment of joint inflammatory diseases in the lame backyard chickens with NSAIDs. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3(2): 73-76.
Hernández-Díaz, S. and Rodríguez, L.A.G. (2000). Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding/perforation: an overview of epidemiologic studies published in the 1990s. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(14): 2093-2099.
Japr, A. (2012). Monitoring of anesthesia depth in birds and reported that the corneal reflex in birds. Journal of Poultry Science, 27(5): 5-9.
John, W. and Nora, S. (1997). Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 3rd ed., UK: Chapter 34, NewYork, pp: 841-853.
Lemke, K.A., Runyon, C.L. and Horney, B.S. (2002). Effects of preoperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 220(12): 1818-1822.
Mathews, K.A. (2002). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics: a review of current practice. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 12(2): 89-97.
Mulcahy, D.M., Tuomi, P. and Larsen, R.S. (2003). Differential mortality of male spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) and king eiders (Somateria spectabilis) subsequent to anesthesia with propofol, bupivacaine, and ketoprofen. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 17(3): 117-123.
Naidoo, V., Wolter, K., Cromarty, D., Diekmann, M., Duncan, N., Meharg, A.A., et al. (2010). Toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to Gyps vultures: a new threat from ketoprofen. Biology Letters, 6(3): 339-341.
Rodríguez, L.A.G., Varas-Lorenzo, C., Maguire, A. and González-Pérez, A. (2004). Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction in the general population. Circulation, 109(24): 3000-3006.
Roughan, J.V. and Flecknell, P.A. (2001). Behavioural effects of laparotomy and analgesic effects of ketoprofen and carprofen in rats. Pain, 90(1-2): 65-74.
Sandmeier, P. (2000). Evaluation of medetomidine for short-term immobilization of domestic pigeons (Columba livia) and Amazon parrots (Amazona species). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 14(1): 8-14.
Yuen, V.M., Hui, T.W., Irwin, M.G. and Yuen, M.K. (2008). A comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric anesthesia: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 106(6): 1715-1721.
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Awan, A.F. and Nazir, T. (2011). Studies of ketoprofen toxicity in avian species. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(2): 127-132.
Bonina, F., Puglia, C., Santagati, N.A., Saija, A., Tomaino, A. and Tita, B. (2002). Oligoethylene ester derivatives of ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac as oral prodrugs: a pharmacological evaluation. Die Pharmazie, 57(8): 552-555.
Gali, J.C. and Ventin, F.C. (2013). Dipyrone has no effects on bone healing of tibia fractures in rats. Journal of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 30(6): 82- 97.
Grisneaux, E., Pibarot, P., Dupuis, J. and Blais, D. (1999). Comparison of ketoprofen and carprofen administered prior to orthopedic surgery for control of postoperative pain in dogs. American Veterinary Medical Association, 215 (8): 1105-1109
Hadipour, M.M., Hadipourfard, M.R., Vakili, M.B., Shayanpour, N. and Azad, F. (2011). Treatment of joint inflammatory diseases in the lame backyard chickens with NSAIDs. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3(2): 73-76.
Hernández-Díaz, S. and Rodríguez, L.A.G. (2000). Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding/perforation: an overview of epidemiologic studies published in the 1990s. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(14): 2093-2099.
Japr, A. (2012). Monitoring of anesthesia depth in birds and reported that the corneal reflex in birds. Journal of Poultry Science, 27(5): 5-9.
John, W. and Nora, S. (1997). Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 3rd ed., UK: Chapter 34, NewYork, pp: 841-853.
Lemke, K.A., Runyon, C.L. and Horney, B.S. (2002). Effects of preoperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 220(12): 1818-1822.
Mathews, K.A. (2002). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics: a review of current practice. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 12(2): 89-97.
Mulcahy, D.M., Tuomi, P. and Larsen, R.S. (2003). Differential mortality of male spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) and king eiders (Somateria spectabilis) subsequent to anesthesia with propofol, bupivacaine, and ketoprofen. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 17(3): 117-123.
Naidoo, V., Wolter, K., Cromarty, D., Diekmann, M., Duncan, N., Meharg, A.A., et al. (2010). Toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to Gyps vultures: a new threat from ketoprofen. Biology Letters, 6(3): 339-341.
Rodríguez, L.A.G., Varas-Lorenzo, C., Maguire, A. and González-Pérez, A. (2004). Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction in the general population. Circulation, 109(24): 3000-3006.
Roughan, J.V. and Flecknell, P.A. (2001). Behavioural effects of laparotomy and analgesic effects of ketoprofen and carprofen in rats. Pain, 90(1-2): 65-74.
Sandmeier, P. (2000). Evaluation of medetomidine for short-term immobilization of domestic pigeons (Columba livia) and Amazon parrots (Amazona species). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 14(1): 8-14.
Yuen, V.M., Hui, T.W., Irwin, M.G. and Yuen, M.K. (2008). A comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric anesthesia: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 106(6): 1715-1721.