Energy Consumption and Equivalent Carbon Emissions in the Life Cycle of Conventional Housing External Walls, an Approach to Sustainable Energy Development Case Study: Regions in Sanandaj
Subject Areas : Urban and Regional Planning Studies
Ayoob
Moradkhani.
1
(Ph.D. Candidate of Architectecture, Department of Architecture, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Niloufar
Nikghadam
2
(Assistant Professor, Dep. of Architecture, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Mansoureh
Tahbaz
3
(Associate Professor, Dep. of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran)
Keywords: Environmental pollutants, Sustainable energy development, embodied energy, energy of operational cycle,
Abstract :
Energy sustainability is realized within the framework of sustainable development. Considering the major share of energy consumption of residential buildings in Iran, this study aimed to identify and compare the external walls of Sanandaj housing as the most effective energy consumption factor in the life cycle of the building, and was sought to assess the embodied Energy and environmental pollutants in the production period as well as the operational cycle. Considering the analytical-descriptive approach, after describing the related principles, Delphi method and analytical hierarchy of Fuzzy AHP were used to identify and zonate the frequency of common external walls in three areas of Sanandaj. Then, the energy consumption of the embodid period was assessed with the existing data and using modeling and simulation of a city block in Design Builder software the energy of the operational cycle was assesed considering the relevant variables. Interpretation of the findings was conducted using SPSS, ANOVA and Duncan's test for comparing the classifications and indicated a significant relationship between the embodied energy levels of production and operational cycle between the walls and its extent in the three regions of Sanandaj city. The very low contribution of primary energy of the embodied period compared to the operational cycle for three metropolitan areas was 2.01, 1.87 and 1.86, respectively, of life cycle of the building. The results of the research in regions of Sanandaj indicated the unfavorable condition of energy consumption in the widespread use of the walls during the life cycle stages of the building.
Abdoli, M.A., (2003). Energy for Sustainable Development. Proceedings of the 4th National Iranian Energy Conference, Tehran. (in Persian)
Adalberth, K. (1997). Energy use during the life cycle of single-unit dwellings: examples. Building and environment, 32(4), 321-329.
Ahadi, H.R. (2002). Intermodal transportation and optimum depot selection. In Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation (2002) (pp. 266-273).
Aktas, C.B., & Bilec, M.M. (2012). Impact of lifetime on US residential building LCA results. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17(3), 337-349.
Alisa, M. & Heasman, I. (2000), Concrete, Vol. 34, No. 1, Jan 2000, pp. 26.
Anbouhi, M. H., Farahza, N., & Ayatollahi, S. M. H. (2016). Analysis of Thermal Behavior of Materials in the Building Envelope Using Building Information Modeling (BIM)—A Case Study Approach. Open Journal of Energy Efficiency, 5(03), 88.
Azari, R., & Abbasabadi, N. (2018). EMBODIED ENERGY OF BUILDINGS A Review of Data, Methods, Challenges, and Research Trends. Energy and Buildings.
Baker, S. (2012). Politics of sustainable development. Routledge.
Barton, H., Grant, M., & Guise, R. (2003). Shaping neighbourhoods: a guide for health, sustainability and vitality. Taylor & Francis.
Bojic, M., Yik, F., & Leung, W. (2002). Thermal insulation of cooled spaces in high rise residential buildings in Hong Kong. Energy Conversion and Management, 43(2), 165-183.
Buchanan, A. H., & Honey, B. G. (1993). Energy and carbon dioxide impacts of building construction. In IPENZ Annual Conference 1993, Proceedings of: Sustainable development: Papers prepared for the conference, the University of Waikato, Hamilton, 5th-9th February (p. 354). Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand.
Chastas, P., Theodosiou, T., & Bikas, D. (2016). Embodied energy in residential buildings-towards the nearly zero energy building: A literature review. Building and Environment, 105, 267-282.
Chen, T. Y., Burnett, J., & Chau, C. K. (2001). Analysis of embodied energy use in the residential building of Hong Kong. Energy, 26(4), 323-340.
Cowen, R., .Shenton, W. (2005) Doctrines of Development, Taylor & Francis E-Library.
Dascalaki, E., Balaras, C. A., Droutsa, K., Kontoyiannidis, S., Zavrl, M.Š., Rakušcek, A., & Roarty, C. (2012). Typology approach for building stock energy assessment. Main Results of the TABULA Project. Final Project Report. Available online: http://episcope.eu (accessed on 16 December 2017).
Department for Communities, Local Government, Building a Greener Future: Policy Statement for Target of Zero Carbon Homes by 2016, 2007.
Fay, R., Treloar, G., & Iyer-Raniga, U. (2000). Life-cycle energy analysis of buildings: a case study. Building Research & Information, 28(1), 31-41.
González, M. J., & Navarro, J. G. (2006). Assessment of the decrease of CO2 emissions in the construction field through the selection of materials: Practical case study of three houses of low environmental impact. Building and environment, 41(7), 902-909.
Haapio, A. (2012). Towards sustainable urban communities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 32(1), 165-169.
Hammond, G. P., & Jones, C. I. (2008). Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy, 161(2), 87-98.
Hataminejad, H & Mohammadi, R. (2013). An approach to sustainable form of city. Geographical Data. 21(84), 2-7. (in Persian)
Ibn-Mohammed, T., Greenough, R., Taylor, S., Ozawa-Meida, L., & Acquaye, A. (2013). Operational vs. embodied emissions in buildings—A review of current trends. Energy and Buildings, 66, 232-245.
Kočí, V., Bažantová, Z., & Černý, R. (2014). Computational analysis of thermal performance of a passive family house built of hollow clay bricks. Energy and Buildings, 76, 211-218.
Koezjakov, A., Urge-Vorsatz, D., Crijns-Graus, W., & van den Broek, M. (2018). The relationship between operational energy demand and embodied energy in Dutch residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 165, 233-245.
Lélé, S. M. (1991). Sustainable development: a critical review. World development, 19(6), 607-621.
Li, J., Ng, S. T., & Skitmore, M. (2018). Developing a decision aid for selecting low-carbon refurbishment solutions for multi-story residential buildings in subtropical cities. Energy and Buildings, 158, 1724-1735.
Lützkendorf, T., Foliente, G., Balouktsi, M., & Wiberg, A. H. (2015). Net-zero buildings: incorporating embodied impacts. Building Research & Information, 43(1), 62-81.
Maleki, S.; Damnabagh, S (2013) Evaluation of sustainable urban development indicators with an emphasis on social, physical and urban services. Case study: Ahwaz city's eight cities, Urban planning studies, 1 (3),. 54-29. (in Persian)
McClintock, M., & Perry, J. (1997). The Challenge of ‘Green’Buildings in Asia. In International Conference of Building Envelope Systems and Technologies (ICBEST). Bath University, UK.
Meijer, F., Itard, L., & Sunikka-Blank, M. (2009). Comparing European residential building stocks: performance, renovation and policy opportunities. Building Research & Information, 37(5-6), 533-551.
Mirmoghtadaee, M., Mousavian, S., Gomarian, P. (2017). A comparative study on the role of energy efficiency in urban planning system of Iran and Germany. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar, 13(43), 91-100. (in Persian)
Moshiri, S. (2015). The effects of the energy price reform on households consumption in Iran. Energy Policy, 79, 177-188.
Nasrallahi, F. (2010). Energy Efficiency in Building and Housing. Energy Efficiency Conference, Tehran, Institute of Industrial Conference. (in Persian)
Nässén, J., Holmberg, J., Wadeskog, A., & Nyman, M. (2007). Direct and indirect energy use and carbon emissions in the production phase of buildings: an input–output analysis. Energy, 32(9), 1593-1602.
Pérez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J., & Pout, C. (2008). A review on buildings energy consumption information. Energy and buildings, 40(3), 394-398.
Perkins, A., Hamnett, S., Pullen, S., Zito, R., & Trebilcock, D. (2007). Transport, housing and urban form: the life cycle transport and housing impact of city centre apartments compared with suburban dwellings (Doctoral dissertation, SOAC).
Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, Unies, N., & Conseil mondial de l'énergie. (2000). World energy assessment: Energy and the challenge of sustainability. United Nations development programme.
Ramesh, T., Prakash, R., & Shukla, K. K. (2010). Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: An overview. Energy and buildings, 42(10), 1592-1600.
Reddy, B. V. (2004). Sustainable building technologies. Current Science, 899-907.
Reddy, B. V., & Jagadish, K. S. (2003). Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies. Energy and buildings, 35(2), 129-137.
Riyazi, M & Hossaini, S. M. (2011). Look at the policies of production optimization and energy consumption in the Iranian construction sector. The first international conference of modern approaches to energy conservation, Tehran, Amir Kabir. (in Persian)
Saraei, M. H. & Alizadeh Shoroki, Y. (2015). Analysis of Sustainability Level in Neighborhoods of Meybod Historical Garden City. Human Geography Research Quarterly. 47(3), 451-462. (in Persian)
Sartori, I., & Hestnes, A. G. (2007). Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low-energy buildings: A review article. Energy and buildings, 39(3), 249-257.
Sorrell, S. (2007). The Rebound Effect: an assessment of the evidence for economy-wide energy savings from improved energy efficiency.
Stephan, A., Crawford, R. H., & De Myttenaere, K. (2012). Towards a comprehensive life cycle energy analysis framework for residential buildings. Energy and buildings, 55, 592-600.
Takano, A., Pal, S. K., Kuittinen, M., & Alanne, K. (2015). Life cycle energy balance of residential buildings: A case study on hypothetical building models in Finland. Energy and Buildings, 105, 154-164.
Treloar, G., Fay, R., Ilozor, B., & Love, P. (2001). Building materials selection: greenhouse strategies for built facilities. Facilities, 19(3/4), 139-150.
United Nations Environmental Programme-Sustainable Buildings and Climate Initiative, Protocol for Measuring Energy Use and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Building Operations, 2008.
Vilches, A., Garcia-Martinez, A., & Sanchez-Montañes, B. (2017). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of building refurbishment: A literature review. Energy and Buildings, 135, 286-301.
Weiler, V., Harter, H., & Eicker, U. (2017). Life cycle assessment of buildings and city quarters comparing demolition and reconstruction with refurbishment. Energy and Buildings, 134, 319-328.
Windle, P. E. (2004). “Delphi technique: assessing component needs.” J. Perianesth. Nurs. 2004, 19(1): 46-47.
Yellamraju, V. (2004). Evaluation and design of double-skin facades for office buildings in hot climates (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University).
Zhu, H., Hong, J., Shen, G. Q., Mao, C., Zhang, H., & Li, Z. (2018). The exploration of the life-cycle energy saving potential for using prefabrication in residential buildings in China. Energy and Buildings, 166, 561-570.
_||_