Evaluating the Practices of Rural Settlements Reconstruction after the Earthquake Disaster, With an Emphasis on Rural Vitality (Case Study: Dastjerdeh County- Tarom Township)
Subject Areas : Urban and Regional Planning Studies
Jamshid
Einali
1
(Assistant Professor, Dep. of Geography, Zanjan of University, Zanjan, Iran)
Bhroz
Mohammad Yeganeh
2
(Associate Professor, Dep. of Geography, Zanjan of University, Zanjan, Iran)
Zahra
Mohammadi
3
(M.A in Geography & Urban Planning, Zanjan of University, Zanjan, Iran)
Keywords: vitality, Zanjan Province, Disaster management, Post-disaster reconstruction,
Abstract :
Reconstruction of rural settlements of natural disasters, particularly earthquakes SybDydh one of the most important approaches to disaster management and efforts are being made at this stage comes to the various effects on rural development and specifically on the vitality of its residents. In general, three major reconstruction policies, such as integration, relocation planning Drjasazy been used. The objective is to evaluate the practices to research rural SkvntgaHhay reconstruction after the 1369 earthquake disaster and its impact on rural vitality Democrats. Functional and descriptive analytical study based on data collected through field study through questionnaires is required. 13 political districts rural areas located within Dastjerdeh (city Tarom) has been selected for the study. The number of families living in the village in 1390, over 2083 cases, using a sample of 280 households chosen randomly Grdydv questionnaire distributed in the villages. To analyze the data, the statistical tests such as single-sample t, t the sample, factor analysis and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. The results show that the reconstruction of the villages’ MyDhd SybDydh the earthquake had a negative impact on residents and based on the average vitality index, the change is significant at 99%. Lvnz test vitality index difference created by the two different ways in comfort, BhdashtMhyt, safety and security, infrastructure, aesthetics is significant. Kruskal-Wallis test results show that the ranking was rebuilt settlements, most of the changes in the dimensions of vitality in the village has been Dastjerdeh.
Ade Bilau, A., Witt, E., & Lill, I. (2015). A framework for managing post-disaster housing reconstruction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 21, 313 – 320.
Agarwal, S., Rahman, S., & Errington, A. (2009). Measuring the determinants of relative economic performance of rural areas. Journal of Rural Studies, 25 (3), 309-321.
Akkashe, B. (2005). Roudbar day before yesterday, yesterday Bam, tomorrow …, Conference on Tehran Sustainable Development. Tehran Municipality, Tehran, 28-30. (In Persian)
Alexander, D. E. (2010). Rebuilding after Disasters: From Emergency to Sustainability.
Alipour, F., Khankeh, H. R., Fekrazad, H., Kamali, M., Rafiey, H., Foroushani, P. S., & Ahmadi, S. (2014). Challenges for resuming normal life after earthquake: a qualitative study on rural areas of Iran. PLOS Currents Disasters.
Amaratunga, D., & Haigh, R. (2011). Post-disaster reconstruction of the built environment: rebuilding for resilience. John Wiley & Sons.
Aysan, Y., & Davis, I. (1993) Rehabilitation and reconstruction [Online]. UNDP.
Baradan, B. (2006, May). Analysis of the post-disaster reconstruction process following the Turkish earthquakes, 1999. In International Conference on Post-Disaster Reconstruction Meeting Stakeholder Interests. Florence: University de Montreal.
Barakat, S. (1993). Rebuilding and resettlement, 9 years later; a case-study of the contractor built reconstruction in Yemen, following the 1982 Dhamar earthquake. IAAS. Post-war reconstruction & development unit.
Bayat, H. (2004). The assessment of building blocks vulnerability and approaches to create for the transformation, the conference of Bam earthquake result. 15th february 2004, the National Land and Housing Organization, Tehran, 31-42. (In Persian)
Berke, P. R., & Campanella, T. J. (2006). Planning for postdisaster resiliency. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 604 (1), 192-207.
Besser, T. L., Recker, N., & Parker, M. (2009). The impact of new employers from the outside, the growth of local capitalism, and new amenities on the social and economic welfare of small towns. Economic development quarterly, 23 (4), 306-316.
Bhatia, S. (2008). Safe Schools for the Community: Earthquake Resistant Buildings in India. Urban Design and Planning.
Casutt, D. (2012). Voluntary Relocation after Disaster: A Hope for Many, a Chance for Few?. Post-Disaster Reconstruction and Change: Communities' Perspectives, 281.
Cavaye, J. (2001). Rural community development: new challenges and enduring dilemmas. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 31 (2), 109-124.
Charaghi, M., Malek Jafarian, Z., Abbasi, J., & Badri, A. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of the rural plan in the creation of a vibrant rural settlements (Case Study: Ghani Beiglou County (Zanjan Township). Journal of Physical Development Planning, 2 (4), 50-59. (In Persian)
Deller, S. C., Tsai, T. H. S., Marcouiller, D. W., & English, D. B. (2001). The role of amenities and quality of life in rural economic growth. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83 (2), 352-365.
Diaz, R., Kumar, S., & Behr, J. (2015). Housing recovery in the aftermath of a catastrophe: Material resources perspective. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 81, 130-139.
Ebrahimi, S. (2014). Comparative evaluation of methods of reconstruction of rural settlement affected by the earthquake disaster and its impact on quality of life of residents, Case Study: Hesar-e-Valiasr County (Avaj Township - Qazvin province), The M.A. thesis in Geography and Rural Planning, Supervisor: Jamshid Einali, Zanjan University. (In Persian)
Elhawary, S., & Castillo, G. (2008). The role of the affected state: A case study on the Peruvian earthquake response. Overseas Development Institute: HPG Working Paper.
EM-DAT. (2016). Country Profile: Iran, The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. http:// emdat.be /country_ profile / index.html, Link: Access time: 10/11/2016
Evans, N., Lasen, M., & Tsey, K. (2015). A Systematic Review of Rural Development Research: Characteristics, Design Quality and Engagement with Sustainability. Springer.
Fagen, P. (2008). Natural disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean: national. regional and international interactions. London. UK.
FAO .(2007). Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD) and Good Agricultural Practices (GAPS). Paper for 19th Session of Committee on Agriculture, FAO. Rome, 13-16 April 2007.
Farlex, I. N. C. (2009). The free dictionary. Retrieved June. 28, 2012.
Golkar, C. (2008). The concept of vitality in urban design. Soffeh Scientific Journal, 16 (44), 66-75. (In Persian)
Haji Nejad, A., Bazafshan, J., Vosoghi Hamzeh Khanlu, J., & Badri, A. (2017). After earthquake risk assessment strategies for resettlement in rural areas, Case Study: Abgarm County- Ardebil Province. The Natural Hazards Journal, 5 (9), 1-20. (In Persian)
Holland, D., Lewin, P., Sorte, B., & Weber, B. (2009). How economically interdependent is the Portland metro core with its rural periphery? A comparison across two decades. Corvallis: Oregon State University Rural Studies Program. Working Paper RSP, 09-01.
Hussar, W.J., & Bailey, T.M. (2011). Projections of Education Statistics to 2020 (NCES 2011-026). National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation. (1996). the report of the reconstruction of rural settlements affected by the 1990 Manjil- Roudbar earthquake, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, Zanjan. (In Persian)
Izadi Kharameh, H. (2001). The role of villages transformation to towns in rural areas development, Case Study, Fars Province, Ph.D thesis in Geography and Rural Planning, Supervisor: Abdolreza Roknal-Din Eftekhari, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran. (In Persian)
Jalalian, H., Solymangoly, R., & Turani, A. (2014). To review the experiences of rural settlements in risk planning with an emphasis on mobility plan Safi Abad village in Minoodasht. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 2 (4), 179-212. (In Persian)
Jha, A. K. (2010). Safer homes, stronger communities: a handbook for reconstructing after natural disasters. World Bank Publications.
Jigyasu, R. (2002). Reducing Disaster Vulnerability through Local Knowledge and Capacity. The Cace of Earthquake Prone Rural Communities in India and Nepal.
Kenny, Ch. (2009). Why Do People Die in Earthquakes? The Costs, Benefts and Institutions of Disaster Risk Reduction in Developing Countries. The World Bank Sustainable Development Network Finance Economics & Urban Department, Policy Research Working Paper no 4823, January 2009.
Koomen, E. (2011). Indicators of rural vitality. A GIS-based analysis of socio-economic development of the rural Netherlands. Research Memorandum, 2011, 50.
Koria, M. (2009). Managing for innovation in large and complex recovery programmes: Tsunami lessons from Sri Lanka. International Journal of Project Management, 27 (2), 123-130.
Linnerooth-Bayer, J., Mechler, R., & Hochrainer-Stigler, S. (2011). Insurance against losses from natural disasters in developing countries: evidence, gaps and the way forward. Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management, 1 (1).
Lizarralde, G., Johnson, C., & Davidson, C. (Eds.). (2009). Rebuilding after disasters: From emergency to sustainability. Routledge.
Lorah, P., & Southwick, R. (2003). Environmental protection, population change, and economic development in the rural western United States. Population & Environment, 24 (3), 255-272.
McGranahan, D. A. (2008). Landscape influence on recent rural migration in the US. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85 (3), 228-240.
Mohammadi Ostad Kolayeh, A., & Motiee Langroodi, S.H. (2015). the effects of resettlement strategies after natural disasters in sustainable rural development using grounded theory approach, Case Study: the flood-affected villages in East Golestan Province. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 5 (1), 181-195. (In Persian)
Mohammad Ostad Kolayeh, A., Motiee Langroodi, H. Rezvani, M. R., & Qadiri Masoom, M. (2015). Explain the impact of resettlement patterns on Sustainable Rural Development: A Case Study of flood-affected villages in East Golestan Province. Journal of Rural Studies, 6 (1), 117-136. (In Persian)
OECD. (2008). Costs of Inaction of Environmental Policy Challenges Report. ENV/EPOC (2007)17/REV2.
Rahmayati, Y. (2016). Post-disaster housing: Translating socio-cultural findings into usable design technical inputs. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17, 173-184.
Rezvani, M.R. (2012). Rural development planning in Iran. Tehran: Ghomes Publications. (In Persian)
Rezvani, M.R., Kokabi, L., & Karami, H. (2014). The impact of resettlement on the quality of life in rural areas affected by natural disasters (Case Study: Zanjiran and Isar Town- Fars Province). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 32 (144), 87-106. (In Persian)
Saeedi, A. (1999). The development of stable and unstable Rural Development, Journal of Housing and revolution. the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, 77, 37-48. (In Persian)
Saeedi, A., & Hosseini Hasel, S. (2010). Locating the foundation and establishment of new villages. Tehran:Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation Publications. (In Persian)
Saeedi Rezvani, N., & Khastou, M. (2011). Factors affecting the vitality of urban spaces, creating a lively urban space based on the concept of "shopping mall walking". Journal of identity of the City, 4 (6), 63-74. (In Persian)
Sharifi, O., Hosseini, M., & Asadi, A. (2009). Analysis of participatory mechanisms to rebuild damaged housing earthquake-stricken in Villages of Bam Township. Journal of Rural Studies, 1 (1), 121-142. (In Persian)
Shaw, R. (Ed.). (2013). Disaster recovery: used or misused development opportunity. Springer Science & Business Media.
Shaw, R., Izumi, T., Shi, P., Yang, S., & Ye, Q. (2016). Asia science technology status for disaster risk reduction. Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR).
Shaw, R., Shiwaku Hirohide Kobayashi, K., & Kobayashi, M. (2004). Linking experience, education, perception and earthquake preparedness. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 13 (1), 39-49.
Smyth, A., G. Altay, G., Deodatis, M., Erdik, G., Franco, P., Gulkan, H., Kunreuther, H Lus, E. Mete N. Seeber & O. Yuzugullu. (2004). Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis for Earthquake Damage Mitigation: Evaluating Measures for Apartment Houses in Turkey Earthquake Spectra, 20 (1), 171-203.
Sucuoglu, H., Jury, R., Ozmen, A., Hopkins, D., Ozcebe, G., & Kubin, J. (2006). Developing retrofit solutions for the residential building stocks in Istanbul. Proceedings, 8NCEE.
Sui Pheng, L., Raphael, B., & Kwan Kit, W. (2006). Tsunamis: some pre-emptive disaster planning and management issues for consideration by the construction industry. Structural survey, 24 (5), 378-396.
UNISDR. (2014). Basic Country Statistics and Indicators: Iran, Islamic Rep of Disaster & Risk Profile, UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Prevention web. 2014. Available at: http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/?cid=81.
UNESCAP. (2010). Protecting development gains: reducing disaster vulnerability and building resilience in Asia and the Pacific. The Asia Pacific Disaster Report, United Nations.
Willitts-King, B. (2009). Indonesia: a case study in the role of the affected state in humanitarian action. Humanitarian Policy Group Working Paper. Overseas Development Institute, London.
Wong, K. (2008). Colombia: A case study in the role of the affected state in humanitarian action. Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG)-Working Paper.
World Bank and ADB. (2005). Gujarat earthquake recovery program: assessment report. World Bank, New Delhi Industry. Structural Survey, 24 (5), 378-396.
Yadqar, A., & Pourrohani, M. (2012), the criteria for assessing the quality of spaces and rural settlements. Jornal of Housing and Rural Environment, 139, 51-66.
Zomorodian, M.J. (2003). Geomorphology of Iran. Mashhad: Mashhad University Press. (In Persian)
_||_Ade Bilau, A., Witt, E., & Lill, I. (2015). A framework for managing post-disaster housing reconstruction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 21, 313 – 320.
Agarwal, S., Rahman, S., & Errington, A. (2009). Measuring the determinants of relative economic performance of rural areas. Journal of Rural Studies, 25 (3), 309-321.
Akkashe, B. (2005). Roudbar day before yesterday, yesterday Bam, tomorrow …, Conference on Tehran Sustainable Development. Tehran Municipality, Tehran, 28-30. (In Persian)
Alexander, D. E. (2010). Rebuilding after Disasters: From Emergency to Sustainability.
Alipour, F., Khankeh, H. R., Fekrazad, H., Kamali, M., Rafiey, H., Foroushani, P. S., & Ahmadi, S. (2014). Challenges for resuming normal life after earthquake: a qualitative study on rural areas of Iran. PLOS Currents Disasters.
Amaratunga, D., & Haigh, R. (2011). Post-disaster reconstruction of the built environment: rebuilding for resilience. John Wiley & Sons.
Aysan, Y., & Davis, I. (1993) Rehabilitation and reconstruction [Online]. UNDP.
Baradan, B. (2006, May). Analysis of the post-disaster reconstruction process following the Turkish earthquakes, 1999. In International Conference on Post-Disaster Reconstruction Meeting Stakeholder Interests. Florence: University de Montreal.
Barakat, S. (1993). Rebuilding and resettlement, 9 years later; a case-study of the contractor built reconstruction in Yemen, following the 1982 Dhamar earthquake. IAAS. Post-war reconstruction & development unit.
Bayat, H. (2004). The assessment of building blocks vulnerability and approaches to create for the transformation, the conference of Bam earthquake result. 15th february 2004, the National Land and Housing Organization, Tehran, 31-42. (In Persian)
Berke, P. R., & Campanella, T. J. (2006). Planning for postdisaster resiliency. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 604 (1), 192-207.
Besser, T. L., Recker, N., & Parker, M. (2009). The impact of new employers from the outside, the growth of local capitalism, and new amenities on the social and economic welfare of small towns. Economic development quarterly, 23 (4), 306-316.
Bhatia, S. (2008). Safe Schools for the Community: Earthquake Resistant Buildings in India. Urban Design and Planning.
Casutt, D. (2012). Voluntary Relocation after Disaster: A Hope for Many, a Chance for Few?. Post-Disaster Reconstruction and Change: Communities' Perspectives, 281.
Cavaye, J. (2001). Rural community development: new challenges and enduring dilemmas. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 31 (2), 109-124.
Charaghi, M., Malek Jafarian, Z., Abbasi, J., & Badri, A. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of the rural plan in the creation of a vibrant rural settlements (Case Study: Ghani Beiglou County (Zanjan Township). Journal of Physical Development Planning, 2 (4), 50-59. (In Persian)
Deller, S. C., Tsai, T. H. S., Marcouiller, D. W., & English, D. B. (2001). The role of amenities and quality of life in rural economic growth. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83 (2), 352-365.
Diaz, R., Kumar, S., & Behr, J. (2015). Housing recovery in the aftermath of a catastrophe: Material resources perspective. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 81, 130-139.
Ebrahimi, S. (2014). Comparative evaluation of methods of reconstruction of rural settlement affected by the earthquake disaster and its impact on quality of life of residents, Case Study: Hesar-e-Valiasr County (Avaj Township - Qazvin province), The M.A. thesis in Geography and Rural Planning, Supervisor: Jamshid Einali, Zanjan University. (In Persian)
Elhawary, S., & Castillo, G. (2008). The role of the affected state: A case study on the Peruvian earthquake response. Overseas Development Institute: HPG Working Paper.
EM-DAT. (2016). Country Profile: Iran, The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. http:// emdat.be /country_ profile / index.html, Link: Access time: 10/11/2016
Evans, N., Lasen, M., & Tsey, K. (2015). A Systematic Review of Rural Development Research: Characteristics, Design Quality and Engagement with Sustainability. Springer.
Fagen, P. (2008). Natural disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean: national. regional and international interactions. London. UK.
FAO .(2007). Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD) and Good Agricultural Practices (GAPS). Paper for 19th Session of Committee on Agriculture, FAO. Rome, 13-16 April 2007.
Farlex, I. N. C. (2009). The free dictionary. Retrieved June. 28, 2012.
Golkar, C. (2008). The concept of vitality in urban design. Soffeh Scientific Journal, 16 (44), 66-75. (In Persian)
Haji Nejad, A., Bazafshan, J., Vosoghi Hamzeh Khanlu, J., & Badri, A. (2017). After earthquake risk assessment strategies for resettlement in rural areas, Case Study: Abgarm County- Ardebil Province. The Natural Hazards Journal, 5 (9), 1-20. (In Persian)
Holland, D., Lewin, P., Sorte, B., & Weber, B. (2009). How economically interdependent is the Portland metro core with its rural periphery? A comparison across two decades. Corvallis: Oregon State University Rural Studies Program. Working Paper RSP, 09-01.
Hussar, W.J., & Bailey, T.M. (2011). Projections of Education Statistics to 2020 (NCES 2011-026). National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation. (1996). the report of the reconstruction of rural settlements affected by the 1990 Manjil- Roudbar earthquake, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, Zanjan. (In Persian)
Izadi Kharameh, H. (2001). The role of villages transformation to towns in rural areas development, Case Study, Fars Province, Ph.D thesis in Geography and Rural Planning, Supervisor: Abdolreza Roknal-Din Eftekhari, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran. (In Persian)
Jalalian, H., Solymangoly, R., & Turani, A. (2014). To review the experiences of rural settlements in risk planning with an emphasis on mobility plan Safi Abad village in Minoodasht. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 2 (4), 179-212. (In Persian)
Jha, A. K. (2010). Safer homes, stronger communities: a handbook for reconstructing after natural disasters. World Bank Publications.
Jigyasu, R. (2002). Reducing Disaster Vulnerability through Local Knowledge and Capacity. The Cace of Earthquake Prone Rural Communities in India and Nepal.
Kenny, Ch. (2009). Why Do People Die in Earthquakes? The Costs, Benefts and Institutions of Disaster Risk Reduction in Developing Countries. The World Bank Sustainable Development Network Finance Economics & Urban Department, Policy Research Working Paper no 4823, January 2009.
Koomen, E. (2011). Indicators of rural vitality. A GIS-based analysis of socio-economic development of the rural Netherlands. Research Memorandum, 2011, 50.
Koria, M. (2009). Managing for innovation in large and complex recovery programmes: Tsunami lessons from Sri Lanka. International Journal of Project Management, 27 (2), 123-130.
Linnerooth-Bayer, J., Mechler, R., & Hochrainer-Stigler, S. (2011). Insurance against losses from natural disasters in developing countries: evidence, gaps and the way forward. Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management, 1 (1).
Lizarralde, G., Johnson, C., & Davidson, C. (Eds.). (2009). Rebuilding after disasters: From emergency to sustainability. Routledge.
Lorah, P., & Southwick, R. (2003). Environmental protection, population change, and economic development in the rural western United States. Population & Environment, 24 (3), 255-272.
McGranahan, D. A. (2008). Landscape influence on recent rural migration in the US. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85 (3), 228-240.
Mohammadi Ostad Kolayeh, A., & Motiee Langroodi, S.H. (2015). the effects of resettlement strategies after natural disasters in sustainable rural development using grounded theory approach, Case Study: the flood-affected villages in East Golestan Province. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 5 (1), 181-195. (In Persian)
Mohammad Ostad Kolayeh, A., Motiee Langroodi, H. Rezvani, M. R., & Qadiri Masoom, M. (2015). Explain the impact of resettlement patterns on Sustainable Rural Development: A Case Study of flood-affected villages in East Golestan Province. Journal of Rural Studies, 6 (1), 117-136. (In Persian)
OECD. (2008). Costs of Inaction of Environmental Policy Challenges Report. ENV/EPOC (2007)17/REV2.
Rahmayati, Y. (2016). Post-disaster housing: Translating socio-cultural findings into usable design technical inputs. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17, 173-184.
Rezvani, M.R. (2012). Rural development planning in Iran. Tehran: Ghomes Publications. (In Persian)
Rezvani, M.R., Kokabi, L., & Karami, H. (2014). The impact of resettlement on the quality of life in rural areas affected by natural disasters (Case Study: Zanjiran and Isar Town- Fars Province). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 32 (144), 87-106. (In Persian)
Saeedi, A. (1999). The development of stable and unstable Rural Development, Journal of Housing and revolution. the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, 77, 37-48. (In Persian)
Saeedi, A., & Hosseini Hasel, S. (2010). Locating the foundation and establishment of new villages. Tehran:Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation Publications. (In Persian)
Saeedi Rezvani, N., & Khastou, M. (2011). Factors affecting the vitality of urban spaces, creating a lively urban space based on the concept of "shopping mall walking". Journal of identity of the City, 4 (6), 63-74. (In Persian)
Sharifi, O., Hosseini, M., & Asadi, A. (2009). Analysis of participatory mechanisms to rebuild damaged housing earthquake-stricken in Villages of Bam Township. Journal of Rural Studies, 1 (1), 121-142. (In Persian)
Shaw, R. (Ed.). (2013). Disaster recovery: used or misused development opportunity. Springer Science & Business Media.
Shaw, R., Izumi, T., Shi, P., Yang, S., & Ye, Q. (2016). Asia science technology status for disaster risk reduction. Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR).
Shaw, R., Shiwaku Hirohide Kobayashi, K., & Kobayashi, M. (2004). Linking experience, education, perception and earthquake preparedness. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 13 (1), 39-49.
Smyth, A., G. Altay, G., Deodatis, M., Erdik, G., Franco, P., Gulkan, H., Kunreuther, H Lus, E. Mete N. Seeber & O. Yuzugullu. (2004). Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis for Earthquake Damage Mitigation: Evaluating Measures for Apartment Houses in Turkey Earthquake Spectra, 20 (1), 171-203.
Sucuoglu, H., Jury, R., Ozmen, A., Hopkins, D., Ozcebe, G., & Kubin, J. (2006). Developing retrofit solutions for the residential building stocks in Istanbul. Proceedings, 8NCEE.
Sui Pheng, L., Raphael, B., & Kwan Kit, W. (2006). Tsunamis: some pre-emptive disaster planning and management issues for consideration by the construction industry. Structural survey, 24 (5), 378-396.
UNISDR. (2014). Basic Country Statistics and Indicators: Iran, Islamic Rep of Disaster & Risk Profile, UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Prevention web. 2014. Available at: http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/?cid=81.
UNESCAP. (2010). Protecting development gains: reducing disaster vulnerability and building resilience in Asia and the Pacific. The Asia Pacific Disaster Report, United Nations.
Willitts-King, B. (2009). Indonesia: a case study in the role of the affected state in humanitarian action. Humanitarian Policy Group Working Paper. Overseas Development Institute, London.
Wong, K. (2008). Colombia: A case study in the role of the affected state in humanitarian action. Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG)-Working Paper.
World Bank and ADB. (2005). Gujarat earthquake recovery program: assessment report. World Bank, New Delhi Industry. Structural Survey, 24 (5), 378-396.
Yadqar, A., & Pourrohani, M. (2012), the criteria for assessing the quality of spaces and rural settlements. Jornal of Housing and Rural Environment, 139, 51-66.
Zomorodian, M.J. (2003). Geomorphology of Iran. Mashhad: Mashhad University Press. (In Persian)