The Influence of Joachim's Theory of Developmental Periods on Pioneering Reformists

Subject Areas : Christianity

Mansour Motamedi ¹ , Zahra Mighani ²

1 - Associate Professor Department of Religion and Comparative Mysticism, Faculty of Theology, Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad
2 - دانشجو

Received: 2020-05-16 Accepted : 2020-05-16 Published : 2020-02-20

Keywords: History, developmental-periods, Joachim-of-Fiore, John-Wyclif, Reformation,

Abstract :

Humans' perception of time has always had important role in developing their belief system. Hebrews by having faith in an omnipotent God got free from the cycles of eternal growth and decline. Instead they believed in a unique ending of history. With Christianity history turned to a meaningful process and a Christian was believed to be a pilgrim going to an ultimate destination. Before Joachim, this ultimate was believed as the salvation of chosen believers and it was located out of universal history. But Joachim supposed history as a developmental process and brought the salvation into the universal history. It actually led to a hope for an earthly heaven. Pioneering reformist inspired by Joachim`s descriptions of apocalyptic chaos and Golden Age of Holy Spirit started a religious and anti-church reformation. John Wyclif, one of the first reformist, declared that the luxury of the church indicated that the end of the time was approaching. Believing in flourished minds and the relative self-autonomy of Christians in the last era of history led to the idea of spiritual church and objection against the authority of the existing church.

References:

-  آگوستین، شهر خدا، ترجمه حسین توفیقی، قم، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، 1392ش.

- الیاده، میرچا، اسطوره بازگشت جاودانه: مقدمه‌ای بر فلسفه‌ای از تاریخ، ترجمه بهمن سرکاراتی، تبریز، نشر نیما، 1365ش.

- ژیلسون، اتین، روح فلسفه قرون وسطی، ترجمة ع. داوودی، تهران، انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی، ۱۳۶۶ش.

- زرینکوب، عبدالحسین، تاریخ در ترازو: درباره تاریخ‌نگری و تاریخ‌نگاری، تهران، انتشارات امیرکبیر، 1354ش.

- لوویت، کارل، معنا در تاریخ، مترجمان سعید حاجی ناصری، زانیار ابراهیمی، تهران، شرکت انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی، ۱۳۹۶ش.

- مک‌گراث، الیستر، مقدمه‌ای بر تفکر نهضت اصلاح دینی، ترجمة بهروز حدادی، قم، مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات ادیان و مذاهب، ۱۳۸۲ش.

- Aston, Margaret, Lollards and reformers, London: Hambledon Press, 1984.

- Evans, G.R., Fifty key medieval thinkers in medieval, London and NewYork, Routledge, 2002.

- Gatto, Alfredo, “The Life and Works of Joachim of Fiore-An Overview”, A Companion to Joachim of Fiore, Mattias Ried(ed.), Boston, Brill Publishers, 2018.

- Joachim von Fiore, Das Zeitalter Des Heiligen Geisten, herausgegeben und eigeleitet Alfonso Rosenberg, Beitigheim, Turm Verlag, 1977.

- Lahey, Stephen E., John Wyclif, NewYork, Oxford University Press, 2009.

- Levy, Jan Christopher, “Wyclif and the christian life”, A Companion to John Wyclif, edit. Jan Christopher Levy, Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2006.

- Macculoch, J.A., “Eschatology”, the Encyclopedia of Religions and Ethics, 1981.

- Nisbet, Robert A., Social Change and History: Aspects of the Western Theory of Development, London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1970.

- Plato, Parmenides, Theaitetos, Sophist, Stateman, John Warrington(trans.), London, J. M. Dent & Sons LTD, 1961.

- Reeves, Marjori, “Joachim of Fiore”, The Encyclopedia of Religion, Mircea Eliade(ed.), Macmillan Pub., 1987.

- Shepherd, Massey H., “John Wyclif”, The Encyclopedia of Religion, Mircea Eliade(ed.), Macmillan Pub., 1987.

- Wyclif, John, On Simony, Terrence A. McVeigh(tran.), Fordham University Press, New York, 1992.