Effect of combined exercise on bone homeostasis factors in post-menopausal women
Subject Areas : Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
nasim shabanzadeh
1
,
mohadeseh dadmanesh
2
*
1 - MA. in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
2 - MA. in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Keywords: Combined training, osteoporosis, postmenopausal women, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, physical fitness,
Abstract :
Introduction: Women experience specific physiological changes and transformations throughout various life stages, including puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, lactation and menopause, which significantly impact their health and quality of life. This study aims to investigate the effect of a combined exercise program on bone homeostasis in postmenopausal women.
Material & Methods: The methodology of this study was experimental. A statistical participant of 22 postmenopausal women was divided into two groups (EG: Experimental Group; CG: Control Group). The EG engaged in three sessions of aerobic and resistance training, each lasting 90 minutes, over the course of eight weeks. During this period, the CG did not participate in any exercise programmer. Measurements taken included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fat percentage, speed, agility, cardiorespiratory fitness, serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, estradiol, and urinary calcium and phosphorus levels. Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests for normally distributed data and the Wilcoxon test for non-normally distributed data, with α < 0.05 in SPSS version 22.
Results: The results indicated a significant difference in fat percentage, WHR, cardiorespiratory endurance, speed, agility, serum calcium, urinary phosphorus, and estradiol levels (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in the remaining variables.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings suggest that combined training effectively reduced fat percentage and WHR, decreased BMI and serum calcium levels, and increased urinary phosphorus and estradiol levels. Additionally, it improved speed, agility, and cardiorespiratory endurance in the experimental group, while having no significant effect on alkaline phosphatase, urinary calcium, or serum phosphorus levels.
[1] Santoro N, Roeca C, Peters BA, Neal-Perry G. The menopause transition: signs, symptoms, and management options. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2021;106(1):1-15.
[2] Yang JL, Hodara E, Sriprasert I, Shoupe D, Stanczyk FZ. Estrogen deficiency in the menopause and the role of hormone therapy: integrating the findings of basic science research with clinical trials. Menopause. 2024:10.1097.
[3] Johnson K, Claps M. The Great Menopause Myth: The Truth on Mastering Midlife Hormonal Mayhem, Beating Uncomfortable Symptoms, and Aging to Thrive: Fair Winds Press (MA); 2024.
[4] Dinh TS, Brünn R, Schwarz C, Brueckle M-S, Dieckelmann M, González González AI, et al. How do middle-aged patients and their healthcare providers manage multimorbidity? Results of a qualitative study. Plos one. 2023;18(8):e0291065.
[5] Pataky MW, Young WF, Nair KS, editors. Hormonal and metabolic changes of aging and the influence of lifestyle modifications. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2021: Elsevier.
[6] Salari N, Ghasemi H, Mohammadi L, Behzadi MH, Rabieenia E, Shohaimi S, et al. The global prevalence of osteoporosis in the world: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research. 2021;16:1-20.
[7] Shabani R. The effect of combined training on body composition, and ccoagulation and proinflammatory factors in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch. 2017;27(4):261-8.
[8] Pahlevanzade M, Shabani R. Association of Physical Activity and Daily Calcium Intake with Body Mass Index and Bone Density in Menopause Females Referred to Bone Density Center of Rasht City. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2014;22(95):80-90.
[9] Shabani A, Shabani R, Dalili S, Rad AH. The effect of concurrent endurance and resistance training on cardio-respiratory capacity and cardiovascular risk markers among sedentary overweight or obese post-menopausal women. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences. 2018;5(4):123-9.
[10] Medicine ACoS. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription: Lippincott williams & wilkins; 2013.
[11] HOLMES JB. Recent Work in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology of Infancy and Childhood. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1925;29(5):650-77.
[12] Wan Y, Su Z. The Impact of Resistance Exercise Training on Glycemic Control Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Biological Research For Nursing. 2024:10998004241246272.
[13] Xu D-Q, Zhang W, Zhao F, Jia-Qi C, editors. EQUATIONS FOR DETERMING BODY FAT CONTENT BY SKINFOLD METHOD. ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive; 2000.
[14] Weiglein L, Herrick J, Kirk S, Kirk EP. The 1-mile walk test is a valid predictor of VO2max and is a reliable alternative fitness test to the 1.5-mile run in US Air Force males. Military medicine. 2011;176(6):669-73.
[15] Raya MA, Gailey RS, Gaunaurd IA, Jayne DM, Campbell SM, Gagne E, et al. Comparison of three agility tests with male servicemembers: Edgren Side Step Test, T-Test, and Illinois Agility Test. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development. 2013;50(7).
[16] Brničević MM, Babin B, Vlahović L. The influence of motor abilities and some specific kinematic parameters on the results in 60-metre hurdle-races. Acta Kinesiologica. 2018;12(1):93.
[17] Garcia-Unciti M, Palacios Samper N, Méndez-Sandoval S, Idoate F, Ibáñez-Santos J. Effect of combining impact-aerobic and strength exercise, and dietary habits on body composition in breast cancer survivors treated with aromatase inhibitors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(6):4872.
[18] Heydarpour P, Fayazi S, Haghighi S. Resistance training effect on lipid profile and body fat percentage of premenopausal women. Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care. 2015;4(2).
[19] Carrillo AE, Flynn MG, Pinkston C, Markofski MM, Jiang Y, Donkin SS, et al. Impact of vitamin D supplementation during a resistance training intervention on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese adults. Clinical nutrition. 2013;32(3):375-81.
[20] Lopez P, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Newton RU, Nonemacher ER, Wendt VM, et al. Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2022;23(5):e13428.
[21] Del Vecchio A, Casolo A, Negro F, Scorcelletti M, Bazzucchi I, Enoka R, et al. The increase in muscle force after 4 weeks of strength training is mediated by adaptations in motor unit recruitment and rate coding. The Journal of physiology. 2019;597(7):1873-87.
[22] Tofoghi A, Hefzollesan M. Effect of 12-weeks selective aerobic and resistance water training on femoral and lumbar spine bone density in obese postmenopausal women. 2011.
[23] Bowen ME, Cavanaugh KL, Wolff K, Davis D, Gregory RP, Shintani A, et al. The diabetes nutrition education study randomized controlled trial: a comparative effectiveness study of approaches to nutrition in diabetes self-management education. Patient education and counseling. 2016;99(8):1368-76.
[24] Bakhtiyari M, Fathi M, Hejazi K. Effect of eight weeks of aerobic interval training on the serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone in middle-aged men. Gene, Cell and Tissue. 2021;8(3).
[25] Wackerhage H, Schoenfeld BJ, Hamilton DL, Lehti M, Hulmi JJ. Stimuli and sensors that initiate skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise. Journal of applied physiology. 2019.
[26] Serviente C, Witkowski S. Follicle-stimulating hormone, but not cardiorespiratory fitness, is associated with flow-mediated dilation with advancing menopausal stage. Menopause. 2019;26(5):531-9.