Investigating the Effect of Co-Precipitation Synthesis Time of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Cathode and Its Structural and Electrochemical Evaluation in Lithium-ion Battery
Subject Areas : journal of New MaterialsSahar Ziraki 1 , Babak Hashemi 2 , Kamal Janghorban 3 , Mohsen Babaiee 4 , Rahim Eqra 5
1 - PhD student of Materials Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. s.ziraki@shirazu.ac.ir
2 - Prof. of Materials Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. hashemib@shirazu.ac.ir
3 - Prof. of Materials Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. janghor@shirazu.ac.ir
4 - Researcher, Department of Energy Storage, Institute of Mechanics, Shiraz, Iran. babaiee.mohsen@gmail.com
5 - Researcher, Department of Energy Storage, Institute of Mechanics, Shiraz, Iran. r.eqra@isrc.ac.ir
Keywords: Electrochemical, Co-precipitation, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, Lithium-ion Battery,
Abstract :
Introduction: Cathode is an important component in the performance of Li-ion batteries. Various compounds have been used as cathodes in Li-ion batteries, among which NCA (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2) has attracted a lot of attention due to its high specific capacity and capacity retention. However, the applied reversible capacity is lower than the theoretical value, which is because of the migration of Ni cation to the Li layer (cation mixing). Therefore, proper synthesis of this structure can help to increase the capacity and battery lifetime
Methods: In this research, the precursor of Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05(OH)2 were synthesized by co-precipitation method using ammonia as complexing agent at the temperature and pH of 60˚C and 12 and then NCA cathode powder was obtained by solid state method and calcination and sintering at 550 and 800˚C respectively, under oxygen atmosphere. For comparison, the synthesis of Ni0.8Co0.15(OH)2 and then addition of aluminum hydroxide by solid state method was done. The effects of synthesis method and time were studied.
Findings: Results showed that in the sample with a synthesis time of 4 days and then 2 sintering stages, anodic and cathodic peaks in cyclic voltammetry can be seen clearly. Besides, better capacity and capacity retention, lower charge resistance, and higher Li diffusion were achieved.
Conclusion: Results indicate that ammonia as a complexing agent in co-precipitation synthesis is suitable for the Al ion. Moreover, increasing the synthesis time helps to have complete layered structures, which is followed by better capacity. Two times sintering is also effective in reducing the cation mixing.
[1] Q. Sa, “Synthesis and impurity study of high performance LiNixMnyCozO2 cathode materials from lithium ion battery recovery stream,” Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, 2015.
[2] D. Li, “Aging mechanisms of Li-ion batteries : seen from an experimental and simulation point of view,” Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, 2017.
[3] M. Lengyel, “Optimization of layered battery cathode materials synthesized via spray pyrolysis,” Washington University in St. Louis, 2014.
[4] I. Hadjipaschalis, A. Poullikkas, and V. Efthimiou, “Overview of current and future energy storage technologies for electric power applications,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 13, pp. 1513–1522, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.028.
[5] W. A. van Schalkwijk and B. Scrosati, Advances in lithium-ion batteries. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
[6] M. Yoshio, R. J. Brodd, and A. Kozawa, Lithium-ion batteries: science and technologies. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2010.
[7] M. Nurullah, “High energy density cathode active materials for lithium-ion batteries,” Northeastern University, 2015.
[8] C. Liu, Z. G. Neale, and G. Cao, “Understanding electrochemical potentials of cathode materials in rechargeable batteries,” Mater. Today, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 109–123, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2015.10.009.
[9] J. D. Steiner, F. Lin, and A. Morris, “Understanding and controlling the degradation of nickel-rich lithium-ion layered cathodes,” Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2018.
[10] T. Q. Duong, “Progress report for energy storage research and development,” Washington, D.C., 2003.
[11] E. Flores, P. Novák, and E. J. Berg, “In situ and operando raman spectroscopy of layered transition metal oxides for Li-ion battery cathodes,” Front. Energy Res., vol. 6, 2018, doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2018.00082.
[12] C. M. Julien, A. Mauger, K. Zaghib, and H. Groult, “Comparative issues of cathode materials for Li-ion batteries,” Inorganics, vol. 2, pp. 132–154, 2014, doi: 10.3390/inorganics2020132.
[13] N. Nitta, F. Wu, J. T. Lee, and G. Yushin, “Li-ion battery materials : present and future,” Mater. Today, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 252–264, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.040.
[14] H. Koga, “Study of Li-rich lamellar oxides as positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries,” University of Bordeaux, 2014.
[15] A. Yerramilli, “Synthesis and characterization of lithium-ion cathode materials in the system (1-x-y) LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2.xLi2MnO3.yLiCoO2,” Colorado State University, 2013.
[16] J. Xu, S. Dou, H. Liu, and L. Dai, “Cathode materials for next generation lithium ion batteries,” Nano Energy, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 439–442, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.05.013.
[17] A. Rougier, I. Saadoune, P. Gravereau, F. Willmannb, and C. Delmas, “Effect of cobalt substitution on cationic distribution in LiNi1-yCoyO2 electrode materials,” Solid State Ionics, vol. 90, pp. 83–90, 1996, .https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-cobalt-substitution-on-cationic-in-LiNi1-Rougier-Saadoune/3b125b7a58cab5716c2e11134f274e00de4aa7eb
[18] T. Ohzuku, A. Ueda, and M. Kouguchi, “Synthesis and characterization of LiAI1/4Ni3/4O2 (R3m) for lithium-ion (shuttlecock) batteries,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 142, no. 12, pp. 4033–4039, 1995.
[19] A. Abdellahi, A. Urban, S. Dacek, and G. Ceder, “The effect of cation disorder on the average Li intercalation voltage of transition-metal oxides,” Chem. Mater., vol. 28, p. 3659−3665, 2016, doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00205.
[20] D. Qian, B. Xu, and K. Carroll, “Performance improvement of lithium lanthanum titanate (LLT) coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 A combination of first-principles calculations and experimental studies,” Electrochem. Soc., no. 12, pp. 627–627, 2011.
[21] J. S. Weaving et al., “Development of high energy density Li-ion batteries based on,” J. Power Sources, vol. 98, pp. 733–735, 2001, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00700-5. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.08451
[22] N. M. Trease et al., “Identifying the distribution of Al in LiNiCoAlO,” Chem. Mater, vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 8170–8180, 2016, doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02797.
[23] J. S. Weaving et al., “Development of high energy density Li-ion batteries based on,” J. Power Sources, vol. 98, pp. 733–735, 2001, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00700-5.
[24] W. Min, G. Rong, Z. Dong, K. Du, Y. Bing, and Q. Liu, “Synthesis of spherical LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries by a co-oxidation-controlled crystallization method,” Chinese Chem. Lett., vol. 22, pp. 1099–1102, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2011.01.041.
[25] M. W.-M. S. Albrecht, J.Ku¨mpersb, M. Krufta, S. Malcusa, C. Voglerc, M. Wahlb and AH.C., “Electrochemical and thermal behavior of aluminum- and magnesium-doped spherical lithium nickel cobalt mixed oxides Li1_x(Ni1_y_zCoyMz)O2 (M = Al, Mg),” J. Power Sources, vol. 121, pp. 178–183, 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00175-7.
[26] S. Madhavi, G. V. S. Rao, B. V. R. Chowdari, and S. F. Y. Li, “Effect of aluminium doping on cathodic behaviour of LiNi0.7Co0.3O2,” J. Power Sources, vol. 93, pp. 156–162, 2001, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00559-0.
[27] Y. Chen et al., “Influence of integrated microstructure on the performance of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 as a cathodic material for lithium ion batteries,” RSC Adv., vol. 3, pp. 29233–29239, 2017, doi: 10.1039/C7RA04206J.
[28] Z. Qiu, Y. Zhang, P. Dong, S. Xia, and Y. Yao, “A facile method for synthesis of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material,” Solid State Ionics, vol. 307, pp. 73–78, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2017.04.011.
[29] M. T. Tung and V. D. Luong, “Electrochemical properties of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 synthesized by sol-gel and co-precipitation methods,” Vietnam J. Chem., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 724–729, 2016, doi: 10.15625/0866-7144.2016-00394.
[30] M. Lee, Y. Kang, S. Myung, and Y. Sun, “Synthetic optimization of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 via co-precipitation,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 50, pp. 939–948, 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.07.038.
[31] A. Purwanto, C. S. Yudha, U. Ubaidillah, H. Widiyandari, and T. Ogi, “NCA cathode material : synthesis methods and performance enhancement efforts,” Mater. Res. Express, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 122001–122023, 2018, doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aae167.
[32] Y. Kim and D. Kim, “Synthesis of high-density nickel cobalt aluminum hydroxide by continuous coprecipitation method,” Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 4, p. 586−589, 2012, doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/am201585z. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Synthesis-of-high-density-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-by-Kim-Kim/3a83040c477017bc965c77f8cbff950004c789b7
[33] H. Z. Zhang, C. Liu, D. W. Song, L. Q. Zhang, L. J. Bie, and To, “A new synthesis strategy towards enhancing the structure and cycle stabilities of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 835–841, 2017, doi: 10.1039/C6TA08084G.
[34] K.-M. Nam, H.-J. Kim, D.-H. Kang, Y.-S. Kim, and S.-W. Song, “Ammonia-free coprecipitation synthesis of Ni-Co-Mn hydroxides precursor for high-performance battery cathode materials,” Green Chem., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1127–1135, 2015, doi: 10.1039/C4GC01898B.
[35] A. Van Bommel and J. R. Dahn, “Analysis of the growth mechanism of coprecipitated spherical and dense nickel, manganese, and cobalt-containing hydroxides in the presence of aqueous ammonia,” Chem. Mater., vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1500–1503, 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm803144d.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Analysis-of-the-Growth-Mechanism-of-Coprecipitated-Bommel-Dahn/df00753bab912b2bf0bd39b04f66b386af50d181
[36] H. Xie et al., “Synthesis of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 with 5-sulfosalicylic acid as a chelating agent and its electrochemical properties,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 3, no. 2015, pp. 20236–20243, 2015, doi: 10.1039/C5TA05266A.
[37] J. A. Dean, Lange’s handbook of chemistry, Fifteenth. New York: McGRAW-HILL, 1999.
[38] A. D. Fortes, J. P. Brodholt, I. G. Wood, L. Vočadlo, and H. D. B. Jenkins, “Ab initio simulation of ammonia monohydrate (NH3·H2O) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH),” J. Chem. Phys., vol. 115, no. 15, pp. 7006–7014, 2001, doi: 10.1063/1.1398104.
[39] V. Bianchi et al., “Electrochemical investigation of the Li insertion – extraction reaction as a function of lithium deficiency in Li1−xNi1+xO2,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 46, pp. 999–1011, 2001, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00681-2.
[40] S. Sivaprakash, S. B. Majumder, S. Nieto, and R. S. Katiyar, “Crystal chemistry modification of lithium nickel cobalt oxide cathodes for lithium ion rechargeable batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 170, pp. 433–440, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.029.
[41] M. M. Loghavi, H. Mohammadi-Manesh, and R. Eqra, “Y2O3-decorated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material with improved electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 848, p. 113326, 2019, doi: doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113326.
[42] M. A. Omodifard, B. Hashemi, and M. Babaiee, “Effect of neodymium and yttrium oxides on the structural and electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/C composite as cathode of lithium ion batteries synthesized by solid state method,” J. New Mater., vol. 11, no. 42, pp. 107–122, 2021.
[43] D. Y. Wan et al., “Effect of Metal (Mn ,Ti) Doping on NCA cathode materials for lithium ion batteries,” J. Nanomater., 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/8082502.
[44] M. M. Loghavi, R. Eqra, and H. Mohammadi-manesh, “Preparation and characteristics of graphene/Y2O3/LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 composite for the cathode of lithium-ion battery,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 862, p. 113971, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113971.
[45] C. Xu et al., “A comparative study of crystalline and amorphous Li0.5La0.5TiO3 as surface coating layers to enhance the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 cathode,” J. Alloy. Compd., no. 2018, pp. 428–435, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.193.
[46] C. S. Yudha, S. U. Muzayanha, H. Widiyandari, F. Iskandar, W. Sutopo, and A. Purwanto, “Synthesis of LiNi0.85Co0.14Al0.01O2 cathode material and its performance in an NCA/graphite full-battery,” Energies, vol. 12, p. 1886, 2019, doi: doi:10.3390/en12101886.
[47] K. He, Z. Ruan, X. Teng, and Y. Zhu, “Facile synthesis and electrochemical properties of spherical LiNi0.85-xCo0.15AlxO2 with sodium aluminate via co-precipitation,” Mater. Res. Bull., vol. 90, pp. 131–137, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.01.039.