Synthesis of nano divalent silver oxide for using in primary zinc-silver oxide battery

Subject Areas : journal of New Materials

رحیم Eqra ¹ , M. M Loghavi ²

1 - استادیار پژوهشکده مکانیک، پژوهشگاه فضایی ایران
2 - پژوهشگر پژوهشکده مکانیک، پژوهشگاه فضایی ایران

Received: 2016-04-06 Accepted : 2018-01-29 Published : 2017-11-22

Keywords: synthesis, Battery, highrate discharge, nano silver oxide,

Abstract :

In the present study, the effect of particle size of divalent silver oxide has been studied on the electrochemical performance of cathode electrode in the primary zinc-silver oxide battery. Chemical deposition methods were used to produce the powder and the effective parameters in these methods were studied. These include parameters such as concentration, type and order of addition of reactants in the powder production process, addition of surfactant, reaction time and the effect of powder milling by planetary ball mill. X-ray diffraction spectrometer was used to confirm the divalent silver oxide synthesis.The morphology and size of the particles were analysed by scanning electron microscope. The electrodes were prepared by pasting method. Single cells were discharged using constant current of 20 A to evaluate the electrochemical efficiency of produced powders. Single cells contained two zinc electrodes and one silver oxide electrode.  Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the morphology of the produced powders was flake type. Particle size reduction below 100 nanometer was performed using surfactant and control of reaction parameters. Results from high-rate discharge tests showed that the capacity and voltage of the optimized electrodes with nano powder were 42% and 0.11 V, respectively, higher than the capacity and voltage electrodes made with the conventional powder.

References:

[1]        D. F. Smith, G. R. Graybill, R. K. Grubbs, and J. a. Gucinski, “New developments in very high rate silver oxide electrodes,” J. Power Sources, vol. 65, no. 1–2, pp. 47–52, Mar. 1997.

[2]        D. F. Smith and C. Brown, “Aging in chemically prepared divalent silver oxide electrodes for silver/zinc reserve batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 121–127, Jun. 2001.

[3]        D. F. Smith and J. A. Gucinski, “Synthetic silver oxide and mercury-free zinc electrodes for silver–zinc reserve batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 80, no. 1–2, pp. 66–71, Jul. 1999.

[4]        T. Z. Palágyi, “Investigation on the Silver-Zinc Storage Battery with Radioactive Ag110 Isotope,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 108, no. 9, pp. 904–906, 1961.

[5]        J. Skelton and R. Serenyi, “Improved silver/zinc secondary cells for underwater applications,” J. Power Sources 65, vol. 65, pp. 39–45, 1997.

[6]        A. M. Chreitzberg, “Electric battery and method for operating same,” US3118100 A, 14-Jan-1964.

[7]        S. Ullah, A. Badshah, F. Ahmed, R. Raza, A. A. Altaf, and R. Hussain, “Electrodeposited Zinc Electrodes for High Current Zn / AgO Bipolar Batteries,” J. Electrochem. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 3801–3811, 2011.

[8]        D. Ozgit, P. Hiralal, and G. A. J. Amaratunga, “Improving Performance and Cyclability of Zinc–Silver Oxide Batteries by Using Graphene as a Two Dimensional Conductive Additive,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 6, no. 23, pp. 20752–20757, 2014.

[9]        C. C. K. Ho, K. Murata, S. D. A, J. W. Evans, and W. P. K, “A super ink jet printed zinc – silver 3D microbattery,” J. Micromech. Microeng, vol. 19, no. 9, p. 5, 2009.

[10]      K. Braam and V. Subramanian, “A Stencil Printed , High Energy Density Silver Oxide Battery Using a Novel Photopolymerizable Poly ( acrylic acid ) Separator,” Adv. Mater., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 689–694, 2014.

[11]      S. Berchmans, A. J. Bandodkar, W. Jia, J. Ram, Y. S. Meng, and J. Wang, “An epidermal alkaline rechargeable Ag – Zn printable tattoo battery for wearable electronics †,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 2, pp. 15788–15795, 2014.

[12]      K. T. Braam, S. K. Volkman, and V. Subramanian, “Characterization and optimization of a printed , primary silver – zinc battery,” J. Power Sources, vol. 199, pp. 367–372, 2012.

[13]      J. F. Parker, C. N. Chervin, E. S. Nelson, D. R. Rolison, and W. Long, “Wiring zinc in three dimensions re-writes battery performance—dendrite-free cycling†,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 7, pp. 1117–1124, 2014.

[14]      H. Sasaki and S. Toshima, “Studies on the silver/silver oxide electrode,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 20, pp. 201–207, 1975.

[15]      T. B. Reddy and D. Linden, Linden’s Handbook of Batteries, 4th ed. Mcgraw hill, 2010.

[16]      a. . Karpinski, S. . Russell, J. . Serenyi, and J. . Murphy, “Silver based batteries for high power applications,” J. Power Sources, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 77–82, Nov. 2000.

[17]      J. Pan, Y. Sun, Z. Wang, P. Wan, X. Liu, and M. Fan, “Nano silver oxide (AgO) as a super high charge/discharge rate cathode material for rechargeable alkaline batteries,” J. Mater. Chem., vol. 17, no. 45, pp. 4820–4825, 2007.

[18]      H. Liu, X. Xia, and Z. Guo, “A novel silver oxide electrode and its charge–discharge performance,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 32, pp. 275–279, 2002.

[19]      م. محمدی، ح. خرسند, "سنتز نانو سیلیکا به روش رسوب گذاری با کاربرد عوامل فعال کننده­ی سطحی" مجله مواد نوین، جلد 1، شماره 3، صفحه 74-63، بهار 1390.

[20]      K. Murakami, M. Okahisa, T. Arita, and H. Kumano, “Divalent silver oxide for use in primary cell and manufacturing method thereof,” US4286029 A, 1980.

[21]      S. P. Rao, S. S. Tripathy, and A. M. Raichur, “Dispersion studies of sub-micron zirconia using Dolapix CE 64,” Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 302, no. 1–3, pp. 553–558, Jul. 2007.

[22] R.Qadeer, R. Hussain, "Determination of AgO in AgO/Ag2O mixture by thermogravimetric analysis," Malaysian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 067 - 071, 2004.