Salvation in Buddhist Tantrism

Subject Areas : Mytho

سعید گراوند ¹ (استادیار ادیان و عرفاندانشگاه شهیدمدنی آذربایجان)
لیلا مفاخری ² (دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ادیانو عرفان دانشگاه شهیدمدنی آذربایجان)

Received: 2015-05-24 Accepted : 2015-05-24 Published : 2014-09-23

Keywords: Salvation, Buddhist Tantrism, Mantras, Kalachakra, Vajrayana,

Abstract :

Most religions believe that according to divine commands the salvation is possible only in the afterlife and through living. But in Tantrism, the basic belief is that a man with any religion and culture can attain salvation by some Tantric rituals and sensual and sexual actions providing special conditions. It seems that this approach is rooted in believing that man and not God, is the basis of Buddhist thoughts. Also, in Tantric tradition, “body” is a sacred “temple”, and not an insignificant and despicable mass; man can easily attain salvation if he/she knows that how to use it.The authors of the present article, at first, consider development of Buddhism, and explain the domain in which the meaning of Tantra is entertained.  Then the attempt is made to categorize Tantric texts, and finally investigate the possibility of salvation in Tantric paths: Mantras, Kalachakra and Vajrayana.  

References:

 

کتابنامه

آشتیانی، جلال‌الدین. 1375. عرفان: گنوستی‌سیزم و میستی‌سیزم، مذاهب هندی. تهران: شرکت سهامی انتشار.

آموزگار، ژاله. 1382. «جادوی سخن در اساطیر ایران». بخارا. ش32.

________. 1384. «خط در اسطوره‌ها». زبان، فرهنگ و اسطوره. تهران: مهارت.

________. 1386. «نیایش و نیروی جادویی آن». زبان، فرهنگ و اسطوره. تهران: مهارت.

اسمارت، نینیان. 1383. تجربه دینی بشر. ترجمة مرتضی گودرزی. ج1. تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب درسی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت).

الیاده، میرچا. 1372. رساله در تاریخ ادیان. ترجمة جلال ستاری. تهران: سروش.

_______. 1375. دین‌پژوهی. ترجمة بهاءالدین خرمشاهی. تهران: پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی.

پاشایی، ع. 1369. تاریخ آئین بودا (هینه‌یانه). ج1. تهران: سازمان انتشاراتی و فرهنگی ابتکار.

توچی، جوزپه. 1388. مندله (نظریه و عمل). ترجمة ع. پاشایی. قم: دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب.

جعفری، ابوالقاسم. 1390. منجی موعود در آیین بودا. قم: دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب.

دویچ، الیوت. 1391 . بود و نمود (معرفی مکتب ادویته و دانته: عرفان وحدت وجود هندویی). ترجمة محبوبه هادی‌نیا. قم: نشر ادیان.

راداکریشنان، سروپالی. 1378. تاریخ فلسفه شرق و غرب. ترجمة خسرو جهانداری. ج1. چ3. تهران: علمی و فرهنگی.

شایگان، داریوش. 1386. ادیان و مکتب های فلسفی هند. ج2. چ6. تهران: امیرکبیر.

شومان، هانس ولفگانگ. 1362. آئین بودا (طرح تعلیمات و مکتب‌های بودایی). ترجمة ع. پاشایی. تهران: مروارید.

قرایی، فیاض. 1381. «آیین تنتره». فصلنامة پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی. ش60 و 61.

کازینز، ال. اس. 1384. آیین بودا در جهان امروز. ترجمة علیرضا شجاعی. قم: مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات ادیان و مذاهب.

نی‌وانو، نیچیکو. 1390الف. پروردن دل بودایی. ترجمة ع. پاشایی. قم: نشر ادیان.

_________. 1390ب. مژه‌های نادیدنی. ترجمة ع. پاشایی. قم: نشر ادیان.

هاردی، فریدهلم. 1376. ادیان آسیا. ترجمة عبدالرحیم گواهی. تهران: دفتر نشر فرهنگ اسلامی.

یشت‌ها. 1377. گزارش و ترجمة ابراهیم پور‌داوود. ج1. تهران: اساطیر.

 

Englishe Sources

Avalon, A. 2001. Encyclopedia of Buddhist Tantra. NewDlhi: Cosmo Publication.

Ashok Kumar, Anand. 1996. Buddhism in india 6th century BC. to 3rd century AD. NewDelhi: Gyan publishing house.

Bibhuti, Baruah. 2000. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. NewDlhi: Sarup & sons.

Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. 1999. The Secret of Three Cities; An introduction to Hindu SaktaTantrism. New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal.

Bowker, John. 1997. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. New York:Oxford university press.

Chryssides, George D., Wilkins, Margaretz. 2006. A Reader in New Religious Movements. New York: Continuum.

Cornille. 2005. "Guru" Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. by Thamson Gale. V. 6. Macmillan. USA.

Dasgupta, ShashiBhusan. 1973. A History of Indian Philosophy. Vol 2.Cambridge/Delhi: MotillalBanarsidass publishing.

Dasgupta, ShashiBhusan. 1950. An introduction to Tantric Buddhism. Calcutta: Calcutta university Press.

Dasgupta. ShashiBhusan. 1946. Obscure Religious CuLtes. Calcutta: Calcutta university press.

Dasgupta. Surendranath. 1941. Philosophical Essays. India: university of Calcutta.

Fic, Victor. M. 2003, The Tantra. New Delhi: Abhinak Publications.

Keown, Damien. 2003. A Dictionary of Buddhism. New York: Oxford university press.

Kitagama, Joseph.M. 2002. The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History and Culture. New York: Routledge.

Mishra, P. K. 1999. Studies in Hindu and Buddhist art. New Delhi: abhiav publications.

Padoux, Ander. 1993. ” Tantrism”. Encyclopaedia of religion.Edited by Mircea Eliade.Vol: 14. New York: Macmillan.

Powers, John with David Templemam. 2012.Historical Dictionary of Tibet .USA: Searecrow press.

Robinson, Richard. 2005. Buddhist Religions: A Historical Introduction. U S A: Thomson/Wadsworth.

Saunders, Dale. 1993. “Buddhist Mandala” .Encyclopedia of religion, Edited by Mircea Eliade. Vol 9. New York: Macmillan

Singh, Lalan Prasad. 1976. Tantra, It’s Mystic and Scientific Basis. NewDelhi: concept publishing.

SopaGeshe. Lhundub.with Roger Jackson, John Newman. 1991. The Wheel of Time, The Kala chlara in Context. New York: SnowLion Publication.

Wayman, Alex. 1993. Esoteric Buddhism. Encyclopedia of religion. Edited by Mircea Eliade. Vol 2. Newyork: Macmillan.

Willaims, Paul with Anthony Trip. 2000. Buddhist Thought, NewYork: Routledge.

References

Āmouzgār, Zhāleh. (2003/1382SH). "Jāduye sokhan dar asātir-e Iran".Bokhārā. No. 32.

Āmouzgār, Zhāleh. ( 2007/1386SH). Niyāyesh va nirouye jādou’i ān. Zabān, farhang va ostoureh. Tehran: Mahārat.

Āmouzgār, Zhāleh. (2005/1384SH). Khat dar ostoureh-hā. Zabān, farhang va ostoureh. Tehran: Mahārat.

Āshtiāni, Jalāl-oddin.(1996/1375SH).’Erfān: Gnosticism va Mysticism, mazāheb-e Hendi. Tehran: Sherkat-e sahāmi-e enteshār.

‎Cousins, L. S. (2005/1384SH). Āein-e Boudā dar jahān-e emrouz (A new handbook of living religions).Tr. by ‘Alirezā Shojāei. Qom: Marhaz-e motāle’āt va tahghighāt-e adyan va mazāheb.

Deutsch, Eliot. (2012/1391SH). Boud o nemoud (mo’arefi-ye maktab-e Advaita Vedānta: erfān va vahdat-e vojoud-e Hendou’i) (Advaita Vedānta: A Philosophical Reconstruction). Tr. by Mahboubeh Hādi-niyā .qom: Nashr-e adyān.

Eliad, Mircea. (1993/1372SH). Resāleh dar tārikh-e adiān (Traited’histoire des religions).Tr. by Jalāl Sattāri. Tehran: Soroush.

Eliad, Mircea. (1996/1375SH). Din pazhouhi (The Encyclopedia of Religion).Tr. by Bahā-oddin Khorramshāhi. Tehran: Pazhouheshgāh-e ‘ulum-e ensāni va motāle’āt-e farhangi.

Gharāei, fayyāz. (2002/1381SH). "Āein-e Tantra" .Faslnāmeh-ye pazhouheshgāh-e ‘ulum-e ensāni va motāle’āt-e farhangi. No. 60 va 61.

Hardy , Fiedhelm. (1997/1376SH). Adyān-e Asia (The World’s Religions: The Religions of Asia). Tr. by ‘Abdolrahim Govāhi. Tehran: Daftar-e nashr-e farhang-e eslāmi.

Ja’fari, Abolghāsem. (2011/1390). Monji-ye mo’oud dar ā’in-e Boudā. Qom: Dāneshgāh-e adyān va mazāheb.

Niwano, Nichiko. (2011/1390SH). Mozheh-hā-ye nādidani (Shakyamuni Buddha (A Narrative Biography), Invisible Eyelashes (Seeing What IsClosest to Us), Cultivating the Buddhist Heart (How to Find Peace and Fulfillmentin a Changing World). Tr. By ‘Asgari Pāshāei. Qom: Nashr-e adyān.

Niwano, Nichiko. (2011/1390SH)b. Mozheh-hā-ye nādidani (Shakyamuni Buddha (A Narrative Biography), Invisible Eyelashes (Seeing What IsClosest to Us), Cultivating the Buddhist Heart (How to Find Peace and Fulfillmentin a Changing World). Tr. by ‘Asgari Pāshaei. Qom: Nashr-e adyān.

Pāshāei, ‘Asgari. (1990/1369SH). Tārikh-e Ā’in-e Boudā (hinayana). Vol. 1. Tehran: Sāzmān-e enteshārati va farhangi-ye ebtekār.  

Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. (1999/1378SH). Tārikh-e falsafeh shargh o ghar (History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western). Tr. by Khosrow Jahāndāri. Vol. 1. 3^rd Ed. Tehran: ‘Elmi va farhangi.

Schumann, Hans Wolfgang. (1983/1362SH). Ā’ine boudā (tarh-e ta’limāt va maktab-hā-ye boudā’i) (Buddhism: philosophie zurevlo sung. Dregrossen denksysteme des Hinayana and Mahayana).Tr. by ‘Asgari Pāshāei. Tehran: Morvārid.

Shāyegān, Dārioush. (2007/1386H). Adiān va Maktab-hā-ye falsafi-e Hend (Indian religions and philosophy schools). 6^thEd. Vol. 2. Tehran: Amirkabir.

Smart, Ninian. (2004/1383SH). Tajrobeh dini-ye bashar (The religious experience of mankind).Tr. by Mortezā Goudarzi.Vol. 1. Sazman-e motāle’eh va tadvin-e kotob-e darsi-ye dāneshgāh-hā (SAMT).

Tucci, Giuseppe. (2009/1388SH). Mandeleh: nazariyeh va ‘amal (The Theory and Practice of the Mandala). Tr. by ‘Asgari pāshāei. `om: Dāneshgāh-e adyān va mazāheb.

Yasht-hā.(1998/1377SH). Ed. by Ebrāhim Pourdavood.Vol. 1. Tehran: Asātir.

 

Englishe Sources

Avalon, A. 2001. Encyclopedia of Buddhist Tantra. NewDlhi: Cosmo Publication.

Ashok Kumar, Anand. 1996. Buddhism in india 6th century BC. to 3rd century AD. NewDelhi: Gyan publishing house.

Bibhuti, Baruah. 2000. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. NewDlhi: Sarup & sons.

Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. 1999. The Secret of Three Cities; An introduction to Hindu SaktaTantrism. New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal.

Bowker, John. 1997. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. New York:Oxford university press.

Chryssides, George D., Wilkins, Margaretz. 2006. A Reader in New Religious Movements. New York: Continuum.

Cornille. 2005. "Guru" Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. by Thamson Gale. V. 6. Macmillan. USA.

Dasgupta, ShashiBhusan. 1973. A History of Indian Philosophy. Vol 2.Cambridge/Delhi: MotillalBanarsidass publishing.

Dasgupta, ShashiBhusan. 1950. An introduction to Tantric Buddhism. Calcutta: Calcutta university Press.

Dasgupta. ShashiBhusan. 1946. Obscure Religious CuLtes. Calcutta: Calcutta university press.

Dasgupta. Surendranath. 1941. Philosophical Essays. India: university of Calcutta.

Fic, Victor. M. 2003, The Tantra. New Delhi: Abhinak Publications.

Keown, Damien. 2003. A Dictionary of Buddhism. New York: Oxford university press.

Kitagama, Joseph.M. 2002. The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History and Culture. New York: Routledge.

Mishra, P. K. 1999. Studies in Hindu and Buddhist art. New Delhi: abhiav publications.

Padoux, Ander. 1993. ” Tantrism”. Encyclopaedia of religion.Edited by Mircea Eliade.Vol: 14. New York: Macmillan.

Powers, John with David Templemam. 2012.Historical Dictionary of Tibet .USA: Searecrow press.

Robinson, Richard. 2005. Buddhist Religions: A Historical Introduction. U S A: Thomson/Wadsworth.

Saunders, Dale. 1993. “Buddhist Mandala” .Encyclopedia of religion, Edited by Mircea Eliade. Vol 9. New York: Macmillan

Singh, Lalan Prasad. 1976. Tantra, It’s Mystic and Scientific Basis. NewDelhi: concept publishing.

SopaGeshe. Lhundub.with Roger Jackson, John Newman. 1991. The Wheel of Time, The Kala chlara in Context. New York: SnowLion Publication.

Wayman, Alex. 1993. Esoteric Buddhism. Encyclopedia of religion. Edited by Mircea Eliade. Vol 2. Newyork: Macmillan.

Willaims, Paul with Anthony Trip. 2000. Buddhist Thought, NewYork: Routledge.

 

References

Āmouzgār, Zhāleh. (2003/1382SH). "Jāduye sokhan dar asātir-e Iran".Bokhārā. No. 32.

Āmouzgār, Zhāleh. ( 2007/1386SH). Niyāyesh va nirouye jādou’i ān. Zabān, farhang va ostoureh. Tehran: Mahārat.

Āmouzgār, Zhāleh. (2005/1384SH). Khat dar ostoureh-hā. Zabān, farhang va ostoureh. Tehran: Mahārat.

Āshtiāni, Jalāl-oddin.(1996/1375SH).’Erfān: Gnosticism va Mysticism, mazāheb-e Hendi. Tehran: Sherkat-e sahāmi-e enteshār.

‎Cousins, L. S. (2005/1384SH). Āein-e Boudā dar jahān-e emrouz (A new handbook of living religions).Tr. by ‘Alirezā Shojāei. Qom: Marhaz-e motāle’āt va tahghighāt-e adyan va mazāheb.

Deutsch, Eliot. (2012/1391SH). Boud o nemoud (mo’arefi-ye maktab-e Advaita Vedānta: erfān va vahdat-e vojoud-e Hendou’i) (Advaita Vedānta: A Philosophical Reconstruction). Tr. by Mahboubeh Hādi-niyā .qom: Nashr-e adyān.

Eliad, Mircea. (1993/1372SH). Resāleh dar tārikh-e adiān (Traited’histoire des religions).Tr. by Jalāl Sattāri. Tehran: Soroush.

Eliad, Mircea. (1996/1375SH). Din pazhouhi (The Encyclopedia of Religion).Tr. by Bahā-oddin Khorramshāhi. Tehran: Pazhouheshgāh-e ‘ulum-e ensāni va motāle’āt-e farhangi.

Gharāei, fayyāz. (2002/1381SH). "Āein-e Tantra" .Faslnāmeh-ye pazhouheshgāh-e ‘ulum-e ensāni va motāle’āt-e farhangi. No. 60 va 61.

Hardy , Fiedhelm. (1997/1376SH). Adyān-e Asia (The World’s Religions: The Religions of Asia). Tr. by ‘Abdolrahim Govāhi. Tehran: Daftar-e nashr-e farhang-e eslāmi.

Ja’fari, Abolghāsem. (2011/1390). Monji-ye mo’oud dar ā’in-e Boudā. Qom: Dāneshgāh-e adyān va mazāheb.

Niwano, Nichiko. (2011/1390SH). Mozheh-hā-ye nādidani (Shakyamuni Buddha (A Narrative Biography), Invisible Eyelashes (Seeing What IsClosest to Us), Cultivating the Buddhist Heart (How to Find Peace and Fulfillmentin a Changing World). Tr. By ‘Asgari Pāshāei. Qom: Nashr-e adyān.

Niwano, Nichiko. (2011/1390SH)b. Mozheh-hā-ye nādidani (Shakyamuni Buddha (A Narrative Biography), Invisible Eyelashes (Seeing What IsClosest to Us), Cultivating the Buddhist Heart (How to Find Peace and Fulfillmentin a Changing World). Tr. by ‘Asgari Pāshaei. Qom: Nashr-e adyān.

Pāshāei, ‘Asgari. (1990/1369SH). Tārikh-e Ā’in-e Boudā (hinayana). Vol. 1. Tehran: Sāzmān-e enteshārati va farhangi-ye ebtekār.  

Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. (1999/1378SH). Tārikh-e falsafeh shargh o ghar (History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western). Tr. by Khosrow Jahāndāri. Vol. 1. 3^rd Ed. Tehran: ‘Elmi va farhangi.

Schumann, Hans Wolfgang. (1983/1362SH). Ā’ine boudā (tarh-e ta’limāt va maktab-hā-ye boudā’i) (Buddhism: philosophie zurevlo sung. Dregrossen denksysteme des Hinayana and Mahayana).Tr. by ‘Asgari Pāshāei. Tehran: Morvārid.

Shāyegān, Dārioush. (2007/1386H). Adiān va Maktab-hā-ye falsafi-e Hend (Indian religions and philosophy schools). 6^thEd. Vol. 2. Tehran: Amirkabir.

Smart, Ninian. (2004/1383SH). Tajrobeh dini-ye bashar (The religious experience of mankind).Tr. by Mortezā Goudarzi.Vol. 1. Sazman-e motāle’eh va tadvin-e kotob-e darsi-ye dāneshgāh-hā (SAMT).

Tucci, Giuseppe. (2009/1388SH). Mandeleh: nazariyeh va ‘amal (The Theory and Practice of the Mandala). Tr. by ‘Asgari pāshāei. `om: Dāneshgāh-e adyān va mazāheb.

Yasht-hā.(1998/1377SH). Ed. by Ebrāhim Pourdavood.Vol. 1. Tehran: Asātir.