The First Habitat and Fall of Man in Bible and Myths of Middle East: An Analytical and Comparative Study

Subject Areas : Mytho

hasan  heidari ¹ (The Assistant Professor of Religions and Mysticism, Kāshān University)
ali  bahari ² (دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد ادیان و عرفان دانشگاه کاشان)

Received: 2015-06-23 Accepted : 2015-06-23 Published : 2015-05-22

Keywords: Bible, Myths of Mesopotamia, Aden, Fall from the Paradise,

Abstract :

From way back, man has believed that he has a higher origin, higher than the material world. According to most myths and religions and as a constituent element of old and modern anthropology, the ancestor of man used to reside in paradise, but as a result of sin, they fell in the earth. The present article attempts to consider the story of Creation, descriptions of habitat of Adam and Eve (Aden), the reason of their fall according to Bible, and to compare them with the old mythical beliefs of Middle East, especially the myths of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran. Also, the psychological and mythical views of Campbell, Freud, Jung, Tillich and John Gray are noticed. This comparative study shows that the symbols of snake, tree, woman, sin, fall from the paradise and preventing man from having divine attributes, especially science, power, and eternal life, have a similar function in the myths of Bible and Mesopotamia.

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Refrences

Bahār, Mehrdād. (2008/1387SH). Pazhouheshi Dar Asātire Irān. 7^th ed. Tehran: Āgāh.

Beaucorps, Monique (2008/1387SH). Ramzhā-ye Zendeh Jān ( de Les symboles vivants).Tr. by Jalāl Sattāri. 3^rd ed.Tehran: Markaz.

Bierlein, J. F.(2007/1386SH). Ostoureh-hā-ye Movāzi (Parallel myths). Tr. by Abbās Mokhber.Thehran: Markaz.

‎Black, Jeremy & Anthony Green. (2006/1385SH). Farhangnāmeh Khodāyān, Divān Va Nemādhā-ye Beyn-onnahreyn Bastān (Gods, demons, and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary). 2^nd ed. Tr. by Peymān Matin. Tehran: Amirkabir.

Blanc, Yannick. (2005/1384SH). Pazhouhesh Dar Nāgoziri-ye marg-e Gil Gamesh. (Enquete Sur La Mart De Gilgamesh ). 2^nd ed. Tr. by Jalāl Sattāri. Tehrān: Markaz.

Campbell, Joseph. (2007/1386SH). Ghodrat-e Ostoureh (‎The Power of myth). 4^th ed. Tr. by 'Abbās Mokhber. Tehran: Markaz.

Chevalier, Jean & Gheerbrant Alain. (2009/1388SH). Farhang-e Nemādhā (‎Dictionnaire des symboles: mythes, reves, coutumes).Tr. by Soudābeh Fazā'eli. Thehrān: Jeyhoon.

Cook, Roger. (2008/1387SH). Derakht-e Zendegi (The tree of life: symbol of the centre). Tr. by Sousan  Salim Zādeh & Helinā Maryam Ghā'emi. Thehrān: Jeyhoon.

Eliade, Mircea. (2003/1382SH). Ostoureh, ro'yā, rāz (Myths, Dreams, Mysteries). 3^rd ed. Tr. by Ro'yā Monajjem. Tehran: Elm.

ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ .(2004/1385SH). Resāleh Dar Tārikh-e Adyān ( Traite d'histoire des religions).3^rd ed. Tr. by Jalāl Sattari. Tehran: Soroush.

Gray, John. (2008/1387SH). Asātir-e Khavar-e Nazdik (‎Near Eastern mythology). Tr. by  Bājelān Farrokhi. Thehrān: Asātir.

Grimal, Pierre. (2006/1385SH). Asātir-e Jahān (‎Mythologies de la mediterraee au Gange). Vol. 3. Tr. by Māni Sālehi ̓Allāmeh. Thehrān: Mohājer.

ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ .(2008/1387SH). Ostoureh-hā-ye Bābel va Irān-e Bāstān (Alain ‎Contes et legendes De Babylone et De Perse). Tr. by Iraj Ali Ābādi.4th ed. Thehrān: Sherkat-e Enteshārāt-e Elmi va Farhangi.

Guillemin, Jacques Duchesne (1997/1376SH). Dine Irān-e Bāstān (‎Religion of ancient Iran). Tr. by Royā Monajjem.Thehran: Fekr-e Rooz.

Hāfez, Shams-oddin Mohammad. (2005/1384SH). Divān. With the effort of  Mohammad Ghazvini & Dr. Ghāsem Ghani. Tehran: Negārān.

Hinnells, John Russell. (2007/1386SH). Shenākht-e Asātir-e Irān (Persian mythology).4^th ed. Tr. by Zhāleh Āmoozegār & Ahmad Tafazzoli. Thehrān: Cheshmeh.

Hooke, Samuel Henry. (1993/1372SH). Asātir-e Khavarmiyāneh. (Middle Eastern mythology). 2^nd ed. Tr. by Ali Asghar Bahrāmi & Farangis Mazdāpoor. Tehran: Rowshangarāa.

Ketāb-e Moghaddas (The Bible) (old translation). (2004/1983SH). Irān: Anjomane Ketābe Moghaddas-e Irān.

Kramer, Samuel Noah. (1961/1340SH). Alvāh-e Soumeri (‎From the tablets of Sumer). Tr. by Dāvoud Rasā'ei. Thehrān: Sherkat-e Sahāmi Ofset.

Oshidari, Jahangir. (2007/1386SH) Daneshnāmeh Mazd-e yasnā. 4^th ed. Thehrān: Nashr-e Markaz.

Sha'bānlou, 'Ali Rezā. (2012/1391SH). “Bāztāb-e ostoureh āfarinesh-e Zurvāni dar dāstān-e akvān-e div”. Mytho-Mystic Literature Quarterly Journal of Islamic Azad University. Spring. Year 8. No. 26.

Vieu, J .(2008/1387SH). Asātir-e Mesr (The Myths of Egypt).4^th ed. Tr. by Abolghasem Esmā'eilpoor.Tehran: Kārvān.

Warner, Rex. (1997/1376SH). Daneshnāmeh Asātir (Encyclopedia of world mythology).Tr. by Abolghāsem Esmā'eil-pour. Thehrān: Ostoureh.

Wulff, David M. (2007/1386SH) Ravānshenāsi-ye Din (The psychology of religion). Tr. by Dr. Mohammad Dehghāni .Tehran: Roshd.