Mystical Expereinces in the Ghazals of Attār: A Revew Based on Willam James' Theory
Subject Areas : Mythohomayon jamshidyan 1 , leila norozpor 2 , motahare chobine 3
1 - استادیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه گلستان
2 - استادیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه گلستان
3 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه گلستان
Keywords: Religious Experience, William James, Mystical Experiences, The Ghazals of Āttār,
Abstract :
According to William James, mystical experiences have four characteristics: ineffability, noetic quality, transiency and passivity; these marks can be found in almost all texts that narrates mystical experiences. In the present article, those ghazals of Āttār that indicate mystical experiences have been extracted, categorized and analyzed. Also, in these poems, some other marks such as heterogeneous imaginations of mystical intuition and missing the mystic have been found. The results of the research show that after coming face to face with the Holy, the mystic is unable to explain Him; for everyone comprehends Him by his/her own way. The mystic misses himself/herself in the process of revelation; after facing the Holy, also, he claims that he/she knows himself/herself much better, and sometimes he/she claims that has obtained knowledge of the outer world. The reports about this knowledge, like the relation of part to whole and the fact that the part contains all of components of the whole, show that there are a lot of similarities between them and the subjects of holography. The mystic complains that facing with the Holy is transient. During the experience, he is passive and there is a profound sense of being taken over.
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Soltāni, Manzar and Sa'eid Pour-'azimi. (2013/1392SH). "bayān-nāpaziri-ye tajrobeh 'erfāni bā nazar be ārā-ye Mowlānā dar bāb-e sourat o ma'nā". Azād University Quarterly Journal of Mytho-mystic Literature. Year 10. No. 34.
Stace, Walter Trance. (1996/1375SH). 'Erfān o falsafeh (Mysticism and Philosophy). Tr. by Bahā'-eddin Khorramshāhi. 4th ed. Tehrān: Soroush.
Talbot, Michael. (2008/1387SH). Jahān-e hologerāfik (The holographic universe). Tr. by Dāryoush Mehr-jouei. 7th ed. Tehrān: Hermes.
Talbot, Michael. (2012/1391SH). 'Erfān o fizik-e jadid (The new physics and Mysticism). Tr. by Mohsen Farshād. 1st ed. Tehrān: 'Elmi.
Wulff, David M. (2007/1386SH) Ravānshenāsi-ye Din (The psychology of religion). Tr. by Dr. Mohammad Dehghāni. 1st ed. Tehrān: Roshd.
_||_
English Sources
Alston, William P. 1996; “ Religious Experiences As perception Of God, “ in Philosophy OfReligion, New York, Oxford.
References
The holy Quran. Tr. by Mohammad Mehdi Foulādvand. 1st ed. Ghom: Dārol-Ghorān-ol-karim.
Alston, William P. (1996/1375SH). Religious Experiences As perception of God. In Philosophy of Religion. New York. Oxford.
'Attār Neishābouri, Farid-oddin Mohammad. (2004/1383SH). Mantegh-ottayr. Ed. by Mohammad Rezā Shafiꞌi Kadkani. 4th ed. Tehrān: Sokhan.
'Attār Neishābouri‚ Farid-oddin Mohammad. (1983/1362SH). Tazkerat-ol-owliyā'. Ed. by Taghi Tafazzoli. 3rd ed. Tehrān: 'Elmi o Farhangi.
Capra, Frityof. (2006/1385SH). Tā'o-ye fizik (The Tao of physics). Tr. by Habib-ollāh Dād-farmā. 5th ed. Tehrān: Keihān
Chittick, William. (2005/1384SH). 'Avālem-e Khiāl-e ibn 'Arabi (Imaginal worlds: Ibn al-Arabi and the problem of religious diversity). Tr. by Ghāsem Kākāei. 1st ed. Tehrān: Hermes.
Chittick, William. (2011/1390SH). Tarigh-e 'erfāni-ye ma'refat az didgāh-e ebn-e 'Arabi (The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn Al-Arabi's Metaphysics of Imagination). Tr. by Mehdi Najafi Afrā. 2nd ed. Tehrān: Jāmi.
Corbin, Henri. (2005/1384SH). Takhayyol-e khallāgh dar 'erfān-e ibn-e 'Arabi (Creative imagination in the Sufism of Ibn Arabi). Tr. by Enshā-'allāh Rahmati. 1st ed. Tehrān: Jāmi.
Corbin, Henri. (2008/1387SH). Arz-e malakout (Terre celeste et corps de resurrection de l'Iran Mazdeen a l'Iran shi'ite). Tr. by Seyyed Ziyā'-eddin Dehshiri. 1st ed. Tehrān: Tahouri.
'Ezz-oddin Kāshāni, Mahmoud ibn Ali. (1993/1372SH). Mesbāh-ol-hedāyah. Ed. by Jalāl-oddin Homāei. 4th ed. Tehrān: Homā.
Ghā'emi-niyā, 'Ali Rezā. (2005/1384SH). "nardebān-e tajārob-e 'erfāni". Ketāb-e Naghd. No. 35.
Ghazzāli, Ahmad. (1991/1370SH). Majmou'eh-ye āsār-e fārsi. With the effort of Ahmad Mojāhed. 2nd ed. Tehrān: University of Tehrān.
Grof, Stanislav. (2011/1390SH). Zehn-e holoterāpik (The Holotropic Mind: The Three Levels of Human Consciousness and How They Shape Our Lives). Tr. by Mohammad Gozar-ābādi. 3rd ed. Tehrān: Hermes.
Hojviri, 'Ali ibn 'Osmān. (2005/1384H). Kashf-ol-mahjoub. Ed. by Mahmoud 'Ābedi. 1st ed. Tehrān: Soroush.
Ibn-e 'Arabi, Mohi-eddin. (1911). Al-fotouhāt-ol-makkiyah. Cairo.
James, William. (1988/1367SH). Din o ravān (The varieties of religious experience: a study in human native). Tr. by Mehdi Ghā'eni. 2nd ed. Ghom: Dvr-ol-fekr.
James, William. (2012/1391SH). Tanavvo'-e tajrobeh dini (The varieties of religious experience). Tr. by Hossein Kiāni. 1st ed. Tehrān: Hekmat.
Jamshidiyān, Homāyoyn. (2006/1385SH)."daryā-ye qargh dar nahang". The Quartely Journal of Humanity Sciences. Year 15. 19- 33. No. 56 and 57.
Jorjāni, Mir Seyyed-sharif. (1998/1377SH). Ta'rifāt. Tr. by Hasan Seyyed-'arab and Simā Nour-bakhsh. 1st ed. Tehrān: Farzān.
Panāhi, Mahin and Zahrā Hāj-Hosseini. (2013/1392SH)."mazāmin-e ghalandarāneh dar qazaliyāt-e 'Attār". Pazhouhesh-nāmeh-ye Adab-e Qanāei. Year 11. No. 21. Pp. 49-64.
Peterson, Michael and et. al. (2010/1389SH). 'Aghl o e'teghād-e dini, darāmadi bar falsafeh din (Reason and religion belief). Tr. by Ahmad Narāghi and Ebrāhim Soltāni. 3rd ed. Tehrān: Tarh-e Now.
Pournāmdāriyān, Taghi. (2007/1386SH). Didār bā simorq. 1st ed. Tehrān: Pazhouheshgāh-e 'Oloum-e Ensāni o Motāle'āt-e Farhangi.
Pournāmdāriyān, Taghi. (2013/1392SH). "Hāfez va khalāf-e 'ādat dar sourat o ma'ni-e qazal". Bokhārā. Year 17. Pp. 15-33.
Ritter, Helmut. (2000/1379SH). Daryā-ye jān (Das meer der seele: mensch, welt und gott in den geschichten des Fariduddin Attar). Tr. by Mehr Āfāgh Bāibordi. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. Tehrān: Al-hoda.
Soltāni, Manzar and Sa'eid Pour-'azimi. (2013/1392SH). "bayān-nāpaziri-ye tajrobeh 'erfāni bā nazar be ārā-ye Mowlānā dar bāb-e sourat o ma'nā". Azād University Quarterly Journal of Mytho-mystic Literature. Year 10. No. 34.
Stace, Walter Trance. (1996/1375SH). 'Erfān o falsafeh (Mysticism and Philosophy). Tr. by Bahā'-eddin Khorramshāhi. 4th ed. Tehrān: Soroush.
Talbot, Michael. (2008/1387SH). Jahān-e hologerāfik (The holographic universe). Tr. by Dāryoush Mehr-jouei. 7th ed. Tehrān: Hermes.
Talbot, Michael. (2012/1391SH). 'Erfān o fizik-e jadid (The new physics and Mysticism). Tr. by Mohsen Farshād. 1st ed. Tehrān: 'Elmi.
Wulff, David M. (2007/1386SH) Ravānshenāsi-ye Din (The psychology of religion). Tr. by Dr. Mohammad Dehghāni. 1st