Voltage Control and Network Losses Reduction with Intelligent Charge and Discharge Management of Electric Vehicle Batteries Based on Vehicle-To-Grid Technology

Subject Areas : Energy management

Amin Nazarloo ¹ ( Department of Electrical Engineering- Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran )

Received: 2022-11-20 Accepted : 2023-03-19 Published : 2023-03-19

Keywords: distributed generation, Electric Vehicle, vehicle to grid, peak shaving, valley filling, grid to vehicle,

Abstract :

The use of electric vehicles (EVs), to reduce greenhouse gases and air pollution caused by the fossil fuel consumption, seems to be an inevitable solution. The increased penetration of EVs imposes a large variable load to the grid. However, the battery of EVs in an aggregator provides a large source of energy storage. Therefore, EVs depending on the charging or discharging modes can act as flexible loads or as flexible energy sources. Then, the proper coordination and control charging and discharging of EVs, using vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, not only can minimize the undesirable effects resulting from the increased penetration of EVs, but also can improve the voltage profile. In this paper, a new algorithm with variable-objective function is proposed to control variable quantities of generation and consump­tion. In the proposed method, the control of the point of common connection (PCC) voltage in a specific value of a determined permissible range, which depends on different operating conditions, can be considered as a variable-objective function. Moreover, there are constraints to state of charge (SOC) of electric vehicles (EVs) batteries and charging/discharging time. Other advantages of using the proposed method are the reduction of network losses in peak load hours and the establishment of an appropriate coordination between charging and discharging EVs. The simulations of the IEEE 14-Bus distribution system with V2G capabilities based on the proposed variable-objective function (VOF) algorithm are implemented for both charging and discharging modes using MATLAB/PSAT software and tested for the various scenarios. Finally, the results of the proposed method are compared with the traditional method and the merit of that is proved.

References:

[1] E.L. Karfopoulos,  N.D. Hatziargyriou, "Distributed coordination of electric vehicles providing V2G services", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 329-338, Jan. 2016 (doi: 10.1109/TPWR­S.­20­15.­2­395723).

[2] A.Y.S. Lam, K. Leung, V.O.K. Li, "Capacity estimation for vehicle-to-grid frequency regulation services with smart charging mechanism", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 156-166, Jan. 2016 (doi: 10.1109/T­SG.2­015.2436901).

[3] Y. Fan, W. Zhu, Z. Xue, L. Zhang, Z. Zou, "A multi-function conversion technique for vehicle-to-grid applications", Energies, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 7638-7653, July 2015 (doi: 10.3390/en8087638).

[4] M. Abdollahi, M. Moazzami, "Day-ahead coordination of vehicle-to-grid operation and wind power in security constraints unit commitment (SCUC)", Journal of Intelligent Procedures in Electrical Technology, vol. 6, no. 22, pp. 49-56, Sept. 2015 (in Persian) (dor: 20.1001.1.23223871.1394.6.22.5.1).

[5] M. Saeedirad, E. Rokrok, and M. Joorabian, "Technical and economic management of energy distribution to reduce charging costs and reduction", Journal of Intelligent Procedures in Electrical Technology, vol. 14, no. 54, pp.59-74, Sept. 2023 (in Persian) (dor: 20.1001.1.23223871.1402.14.54.4.0).

[6] J. Donadee, M. D. Ilić, "Stochastic optimization of grid to vehicle frequency regulation capacity bids", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1061-1069 Mar. 2014 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2013.2290971).

[7] M. Ansari,  A.T. Al-Awami, E. Sortomme, M.A. Abido, "Coordinated bidding of ancillary services for vehicle-to-grid using fuzzy optimization", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 261-270, Jan. 2015 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2341625).

[8] J. Kim, J. Lee, S. Park, J. Choi, "Power scheduling scheme for a charging facility considering the satisfaction of electric vehicle users", IEEE Access, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 25153 - 25164, Feb. 2022 (doi: 10.1109/ACC­ESS.2­022.3151355).

[9] H. Eskandari, M.R. Moradian, "Direct torque compound control of induction motors to increase the battery
operating life in electric vehicles", Journal of Intelligent Procedures in Electrical Technology, vol. 11, no.
42, pp.1-13, Sept. 2020 (in Persian) (dor: 20.1001.1.23223871.1399.11.42.1.2).

[10] A. Sangswang, M. Konghirun, "Optimal strategies in home energy management system integrating solar power, energy storage, and vehicle-to-grid for grid support and energy efficiency", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 5, p.p. 5716 – 5728, Oct. 2020 (doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.2991652).

[11] A. Nazarloo, M.R. Feyzi, M. Sabahi, M.B.B. Sharifian, "Improving voltage profile and optimal scheduling of vehicle to grid energy based on a new method", Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 81-88, March 2018 (doi: 10.4316/AECE.2018.01010).

[12] A. Nazarloo, M.R. Feyzi, M. Sabahi, M.B.B. Sharifian, "Energy management of electric vehicles aggregator using a new multi-objective algorithm", Journal of Energy Management and Technology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 20-30, June 2018 (doi: 10.22109/jemt.2018.118868.1063).

[13] Y. Zhang, J. Sun, C. Wu, "vehicle-to-grid coordination via mean field game", IEEE Control Systems Letters, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2084-2089, Dec. 2021 (doi: 10.1109/LCSYS.2021.3139266).

[14] M. Ahmad, Y. Abouelseoud, N.H. Abbasy, S.H. Kamel, "Hierarchical distributed framework for optimal dynamic load management of electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid technology", IEEE Access, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 164643-164658, Dec. 2021 (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3134868).

[15] Z. Yang, X. Huang, T. Gao, Y. Liu, S. Gao, "Real-Time energy management strategy for parking lot consid­ering maximum penetration of electric vehicles", IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 5281 – 5291, Jan. 2022 (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3141377).

[16] A. Nazarloo, "Improving the voltage profile using intelligent control of electric vehicle charging and discharging based on V2G technology in a sample distribution system", Proceeding of the NCEEIS, pp. 1-6, Najafabad, Iran, May/June 2022 (in Persian).

[17] Z. Wang, S. Wang, "Grid power peak shaving and valley filling using vehicle-to-grid systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1822-1828, July 2013 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2264497).

[18] E. Sortomme, M. El-Sharkawi, "Optimal combined bidding of vehicle-to-grid ancillary services", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 70–79, March 2012 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2011.2170099).

[19] M. Singh, K. Thirugnanam, P. Kumar, I. Kar, "Real-Time coordination of electric vehicles to support the grid at the distribution substation level", IEEE System Journal, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1000-1010, Sept. 2015 (doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2013.2280821).

[20] A. Kavousi-Fard, T. Niknam, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, "Stochastic reconfiguration and optimal coordination of V2G plug-in electric vehicles considering correlated wind power generation", IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy, vol.6, no.3, pp. 822-830, July 2015 (doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2015.2409814).

[21] A. Nazarloo, "Variable objective function algorithm in charging-discharging scheduling for vehicle-to-grid services", Proceeding of the NCEEIS, pp. 1-6, Najafabad, Iran, May/June 2022.

[22] C. Wu, H. Mohsenian-Rad, J. Huang, "Vehicle-to-aggregator inter-action game", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 434–442, Mar. 2012 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2011.2166414).

[23] E. Sortomme, M.A. El-Sharkawi, "Optimal scheduling of vehicle-to-grid energy and ancillary services", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 351-359, March 2012 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2011.2164099).

[24] N. Chen, M. Wang, M. Zhang, X. Shen, "Energy and information management of electric vehicular network: A survey”, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 967-997, March 2020 (doi: 10.1109/COMST.2020.2982118).

[25] Y. Ota, H. Taniguchi, T. Nakajima, K. Liyanage, J. Baba, A. Yokoyama, "Autonomous distributed V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) satisfying scheduled charging", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 559–564, March 2012 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2011.2167993).

[26] Y. Ma, T. Houghton, A. Cruden, D. Infield, "Modeling the benefits of vehicle-to-grid technology to a power system", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1012–1020, May 2012 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.20­11.2­178043).

[27] M. Singh, P. Kumar, I. Kar, "Implementation of vehicle to grid infrastructure using fuzzy logic controller", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 565–577, March 2012 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2011.2172697).

[28] M. Singh, P. Kumar, I. Kar, "Designing a multi charging station for electric vehicles and its utilization for the grid support", Proceeding of the IEEE/PES, pp. 1-8, San Diego, CA, USA, July 2012 (doi: 10.1109/PES­GM­.2­0­12.6344868).

[29] K. Kaur, N. Kumar, M. Singh, "Coordinated power control of electric vehicles for grid frequency support: MILP-based hierarchical control design", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 3364-3373, May 2019 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2018.2825322).

[30] S. Karimi-Arpanahia, M. Jooshakib, S.A. Pourmousavia, M. Lehtonenc, "Leveraging the flexibility of electric vehicle parking lots in distribution networks with high renewable penetration", International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 142, pp. 1-15, June 2022 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108366).